Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Curiosity and learning

  • Published:
Motivation and Emotion Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This posthumous fragment of a book that Dr. Berlyne was writing at the time of his death was sent to MOTIVATION AND EMOTION by his colleagues at the University of Toronto. Its appearance in print is by permission of the Berlyne family and with appreciation to F. G. Hare and John Ogilvie of the University of Toronto and Seymour Weingarten of Plenum Publishing corporation, who were instrumental in providing a copy of the manuscript to the editor; to George Rappolt and Pat Monahan, of Clark University, who assisted in compiling the bibliography; and to Dr. Edward L. Walker, who provided some editing and wrote the brief introduction.

References to figures (in Chapters 1 and 3) were deleted, as no figures could be found to accompany the manuscript. In any case, it appeared that these would have merely supplemented the text and were neither new nor original, insofar as could be judged. The reader may further note that perhaps a half dozen references are missing, and others may not have been those intended by Dr. Berlyne.

While it seems unlikely that the chapters presented here were either complete or in their final draft stage, it was nevertheless felt that publication of even this fragment of Daniel Berlyne's last major work, with only minimal editing, would be of value to fellow students of motivation theory.

M.H.A.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adametz, J. H. Rate of recovery of functioning in cats with rostral reticular lesions.Journal of Neurosurgery 1959,16 85–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allport, G. W., & Vernon, P. E.A study of values. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashida, S. The effects of deprivation and post-deprivation on the heart rate of rats.Psychonomic Science 1969,14 123–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attneave, F. Physical determinants of the judged complexity of shapes.Journal of Experimental Psychology 1957,53 221–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartenwerfer, H. Über Art und Bedeutung der Beziehung zwischen Pulsfrequenz und skalierter psychischer Anspannung.Zeitschrift für Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie 1963,10 455–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beebe-Center, J. G.The psychology of pleasantness and unpleasantness. Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bélanger, D., & Feldman, S. M. Effects of water deprivation upon heart rate and instrumental activity in the rat.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1962,55 220–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bélanger, D., & Tétreau, B. L'influence d'une motivation inappropriée sur le comportement du rat et sa fréquence cardiaque. (Influence of irrelevant motivation on the behavior and heart rate of the rat.)Canadian Journal of Psychology 1961,15 6–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. A theory of human curiosity.British Journal of Psychology 1954,45 180–191. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. An experimental study of human curiosity.British Journal of Psychology 1954,45 256–265. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. The arousal and satiation of perceptual curiosity in the rat.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1955,48 238–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. Conflict and information-theory variables as determinants of human perceptual curiosity.Journal of Experimental Psychology 1957,53 399–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. The influence of albedo and complexity of visual stimuli on visual fixation in the human infant.British Journal of Psychology 1958,49 315–318. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. The influence of complexity and novelty in visual figures on orienting responses.Journal of Experimental Psychology 1958,55 289–296. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E.Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. Conflict and the orientation reaction.Journal of Experimental Psychology 1961,62 476–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. Complexity and incongruity variables as determinants of exploratory choice and evaluative ratings.Canadian Journal of Psychology 1963,17 274–290. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. Motivational problems raised by exploratory and epistemic behavior. In S. Koch (Ed.),Psychology—a study of a science (Vol. 5). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963. Pp. 284–364. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E.Structure and direction in thinking. New York: Wiley, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. Curiosity and exploration.Science 1966,153 25–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. Behavior theory as personality theory. In E. F. Borgotta & W. W. Lambert (Eds.),Handbook of personality theory and research. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. The reward-value of different stimulation. In J. T. Trapp (Ed.),Reinforcement and behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E.Aesthetics and psychobiology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. Uniformity in variety: Extension to three-element visual patterns and to nonverbal measures.Canadian Journal of Psychology 1972,26 277–291. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. Ends and means of experimental aesthetics.Canadian Journal of Psychology 1972,26 303–325. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. Experimental aesthetics. In P. C. Dodwell (Ed.),New horizons in psychology (Vol. 2). Harmondsworth, London: Penguin, 1972. (c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. Reinforcement values of visual patterns compared through concurrent performances.Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior 1972,18 281–285. (d)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. (Ed.).Studies in the new experimental aesthetics: Steps toward an objective psychology of aesthetic appreciation. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere, 1974. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. Information and motivation. In A. Silverstein (Ed.),Human communication: Theoretical explorations. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1974. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. Behaviorism? Cognitive theory? Humanistic psychology? To Hull with them all.Canadian Psychological Review 1975,16 69–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E., & Borsa, D. M. Uncertainty and the orientation reaction.Perception and Psychophysics 1968,3 77–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E., Craw, M. A., Salapatek, P. H., & Lewis, J. L. Novelty, complexity, incongruity, extrinsic motivation and the GSR.Journal of Experimental Psychology 1963,66 560–567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E., & Crosier, J. B. Effects of complexity and pre-choice stimulation on exploratory choice.Perception and Psychophysics 1971,10 242–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E., & McDonnell, P. Effects of stimulus complexity and incongruity on duration of EEG desynchronization.Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1965,18 156–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E., & Parham, L. C. C. Determinants of subjective novelty.Perception and Psychophysics 1968,3 415–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E., Salapatek, P. H., Gelman, R. S., & Zener, S. L. Is light increment really rewarding to the rat?Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1964,58 148–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bexton, W. A., Heron, W., & Scott, T. H. Effects of decreased variation in the sensory environment.Canadian Journal of Psychology 1954,8 70–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum, G. S., Geiwitz, P. J., & Stewart, C. G. Cognitive arousal: The evolution of a model.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1967,5 138–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolles, R. C.Theory of motivation. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonvallet, M., Dell, P., & Hiebel, G. Tonus sympathique et activité électrique corticale.E. E. G. and Clinical Neurophysiology 1954,6 103–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, P. B. The central action of certain drugs in relation to the reticular formation of the brain. In H. H. Jasper et al. (Eds.),Reticular formation of the brain Boston: Little, Brown, 1958. Pp. 123–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bühler, C., Hetzer, H., & Mabel, F. Die Affektwirksamkeit von Fremdheitseindrücken im ersten Lebensjahr.Zeitschrift für Psychologie 1928 (Abt. 1),107 30–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burt, C.The factor analysis of the mind: An introduction to factor analysis in psychology. New York: Macmillan, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. A. Discrimination learning by rhesus monkeys to visual-exploration motivation.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1953,46 95–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. A. Incentive conditions which influence visual exploration.Journal of Experimental Psychology 1954,48 19–23. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. A. Curiosity in monkeys.Scientific American 1954,190(2), 70–75. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. A. The effect of deprivation of visual incentives on visual-exploration motivation in monkeys.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1957,50 177–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, B. A., & Sheffield, F. D., Relation of random activity to food deprivation.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1953,46 320–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, W. B.The wisdom of the body. New York: W. W. Norton, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, N.Language and mind. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crozier, J. B. Verbal and exploratory responses to sound sequences of varying complexity.Dissertation Abstracts International 1974 (July),35(I-B), 537.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darrow, C. W., Pathman, J., & Kronenberg, G. Level of autonomic activity and the electroencephalogram.Journal of Experimental Psychology 1946,36 355–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dashiell, J. F. A quantitative demonstration of animal drive.Journal of Comparative Psychology 1925,5 205–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, H. I. Evaluations of subjective complexity, pleasingness and interestingness for a series of random polygons varying in complexity.Perception and Psychophysics 1967,2(7), 281–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBold, R. G., Miller, N. E., & Jeensen, D. D. Effect of strength of drive determined by a new technique for classical appetitive conditioning of rats.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1965,59 102–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dell, P. C. Humoral effects on the brain stem reticular formations. In H. H. Jasper et al. (Eds.),Reticular formation of the brain. Boston: Little, Brown, 1958, Pp. 365–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewes, P. B., & Morse, W. N. Behavioral pharmacology.Annual Review of Pharmacology 1961,1 145–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollard, J., & Miller, N. E.Personality and psychotherapy: An analysis in terms of learning, thinking and culture. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, R. J. Cues for spontaneous alternation.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1966,62 171–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ducharme, R., & Bélanger, D. Influence d'une stimulation électrique sur le niveau d'activation et la performance. (Influence of electrical stimulation on general activation and performance.)Canadian Journal of Psychology 1961,15 61–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, E. Emotion: An example of the need for reorientation in psychology.Psychological Review 1934,41 184–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, E. The conceptual categories of psychology: A suggestion for revision.Psychological Review 1941,48 177–203. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, E. An explanation of “emotional” phenomena without the use of the concept “emotion.”Journal of General Psychology 1941,25 283–293. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, E. The psychological significance of the concept of “arousal” or “activation.”Psychological Review 1957,64 265–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, E.Activation and behavior. New York: Wiley, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, R. Physiological activity and performance: A comparison of kindergarten children with young adults.Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 1964,78 (10, Whole No. 587).

  • Estes, W. K. Stimulus-response theory of drive. In M. R. Jones (Ed.),Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1958. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1958, Pp. 35–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J.The structure of human personality. New York: Wiley, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J.The biological basis of personality. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantz, R. L. Pattern vision in young infants.Psychological Record 1958,8 43–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fechner, G. T. Zur Experimentellen Aesthetik.Abhandlungen der Königliche Sächsische Gesellschaft der Wissenchaften. Mathematisch-physische Klasse 1871,9 555–635.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fechner, G. T.Vorschule der Aesthetik. Leipzig: Breithopf & Härtel, 1876.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, S. M., & Waller, H. J. Dissociation of electrocortical activation and behavioral arousal.Nature 1962,196 1320–1322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, D. W., & Maddi, S. R. (Eds.).Functions of varied experience. Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, H.Curiosity and exploratory behavior. New York: Macmillan, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, H. Satiation and curiosity. In K. W. Spence & J. T. Spence (Eds.),Psychology of learning and motivation. New York: Academic Press, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, G. L.The energetics of human behavior. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S.Die Traumdeutung. Leipzig & Wien: Deuticke, 1900.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. Triebe und Triebschicksale.International Zeitschrift für Aerztliche Psychoanalysis 1915,3 84–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gale, A., Bramley, P., Lucas, B., & Christie, B. Differential effect of visual and auditory complexity on the E.E.G.: Negative hedonic value as a crucial variable?Psychonomic Science 1972,27(1), 21–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godkewitsch, M.Verbal, exploratory and physiological responses to stimulus properties underlying humor. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Toronto, 1974.

  • Graham, F. K., & Clifton, R. K. Heart rate change as a component of the orienting response.Psychological Bulletin 1966,65(5), 305–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grastyán, E., Lissak, K., & Kékesi, F. Facilitation and inhibition of conditioned alimentary and defensive reflexes by stimulation of the hypothalamus and reticular formation.Acta Physiologica Hungarian 1956,9 133–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, S. P. The physiological basis of specific and nonspecific motivational processes. In W. J. Arnold (Ed.),Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1968. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1968. Pp. 1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, H. F. Learning and satiation of response in intrinsically motivated complex puzzle performance by monkeys.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1950,43 289–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, H. F. Learning by Rhesus monkeys on the basis of manipulation-exploration motives.Science 1953,117 466–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, H. F., Harlow, M. K., & Meyer, D. R. Learning motivated by a manipulative drive.Journal of Experimental Psychology 1950,40 228–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebb, D. O.The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory. New York: Wiley, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebb, D. O. Drives and the C.N.S. (Conceptual nervous system).Psychological Review 1955,62 243–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hugelin, A., & Bonvallet, M. Tonus cortical et contrôle de la facilitation motrice d'origine réticulaire.Journal de Physiologie Pathologique et Géneral 1957,49 1171–1200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. L. Goal attraction and directing ideas conceived as habit phenomena.Psychological Review 1931,38 487–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. L. The rat's speed-of-locomotion gradient in the approach to food.Journal of Comparative Psychology 1934,7 393–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. L.Principles of behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, A. Information deprivation in humans. In B. A. Maher (Ed.),Progress in experimental personality research (Vol. 4). New York: Academic Press, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, A., Wilkinson, H. J., & Braden, I. Information deprivation as a motivational variable.Journal of Experimental Psychology 1961,62 126–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D.Attention and effort. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karmel, B. Z., Hoffmann, R. F., & Fegy, M. J. Processing of contour information by human infants evidenced by pattern-dependent evoked potentials.Child Development 1974,45(1), 39–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karsten, A. Psychische Sättigung.Psychologische Forschung 1928,10 142–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kesner, R. P., & Vredenburg, E. W. Effects of mid-brain reticular lesions upon the orienting response in the rat.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1970,73 170–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, J. I. Somatic response patterning and stress: Some revisions of activation theory. In M. H. Appley & R. Trumbull (Eds.),Psychological stress: Issues in research. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, J. I., & Lacey, B. C. Verification and extension of the principle of autonomic response stereotypy.American Journal of Psychology 1958,71 50–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laffal, J. Response faults in word association as a function of response entropy.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1955,50 265–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanier, L. H. An experimental study of “affective conflict.”Journal of Psychology 1941,11 199–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leckhart, B. T., Levine, J. R., Goscinski, C., & Brayman, W. Duration of attention: The perceptual deprivation effect.Perception and Psychophysics 1970,7 163–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsley, D. B. Emotion. In S. S. Stevens (Ed.),Handbook of experimental psychology. New York: Wiley, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsley, D. B. Psychophysiology and motivation. In M. R. Jones (Ed.),Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1957. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. B.The working brain. Harmondsworth, London: Penguin, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackintosh, N. J.The psychology of animal learning. London: Academic Press, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malmo, R. B. Measurement of drive: An unsolved problem. In M. R. Jones (Ed.),Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1958. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1958. Pp. 229–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medlatousek, J., & Gerová, M. Autonomic components of the orienting reaction.Physiologica Bohemoslovenika 1960,9(4), 274–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G. A., Galanter, E., & Pribram, K. H.Plans and the structure of behavior. New York: Holt, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, N. E., & Dollard, J.Social learning and imitation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, K. C. A test of two explanations of spontaneous alternation.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1952,45 287–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, K. C. Exploratory behavior as a function of “similarity” of stimulus situations.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1953,46 129–133. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, K. C. The effect of the hunger and thirst drives upon exploratory behavior.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1953,46 315–319. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, K. C. The effect of activity deprivation upon exploratory behavior.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1953,46 438–411. (c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, K. C. The role of the exploratory drive in learning.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1954,47 60–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, K. C. The relation between fear induced by novel stimulation and exploratory behavior.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1955,48 254–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moruzzi, G., & Magoun, H. W. Brain stem reticular formation and the activation of the E.E.G.E.E.G. and Clinical Neurophysiology 1949,1 455–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mowrer, O. H. Preparatory set (expectancy): A determinant in motivation and learning.Psychological Review 1938,45 62–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H. A.Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, A. K., & Miller, N. E. Failure to find a learned drive based on hunger: Evidence for learning motivated by “exploration.”Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1954,47 428–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicki, R. M. Arousal increment and degree of complexity as incentive.British Journal of Psychology 1972,63(2), 165–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nissen, H. W. A study of exploratory behavior in the white rat by means of the obstruction method.Journal of Genetic Psychology 1930,37 361–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J. C., Knott, P. D., Duchnowski, A., & Parker, R. Pupillary dilation as a general measure of activation.Perception & Psychophysics 1967,2(4), 149–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, C. E. The nature and measurement of meaning.Psychological Bulletin 1952,49 197–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H.The measurement of meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov, I. P.Conditioned reflexes. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popov, N. A. Observations electroencéphalographique sur les réactions corticales chez l'homme.Année Psychologique 1953,53 415–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Premack, D., Collier, G., & Roberts, C. L. Frequency of light-contingent bar pressing as a function of the amount of deprivation for light.American Psychologist 1957,12 411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pribram, K. H. On the neurology of thinking.Behavioral Science 1959,4 265–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pribram, K. H. A review of theory in physiological psychology.Annual Review of Psychology 1960,11 1–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pribram, K. H., & McGuiness, D. Arousal, activation and effort in the control of attention.Psychological Review 1975,82 116–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Razran, G. The dominance-contiguity theory of the acquisition of classical conditioning.Psychological Review 1957,54 1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, C. P. A behavioristic study of the activity of the rat.Comparative Psychology Monographs 1922,1 1–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, C. P. Animal behavior and internal drives.Quarterly Review of Biology 1927,2 307–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, C. P. Total self-regulatory functions in animals and human beings.Harvey Lectures 1942–1943,38 63–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, C. P. Biology of drives.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1947,40 129–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, C. L., Marx, M. H., & Collier, G. Light onset and light offset as reinforcers for the albino rat.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1958,51 575–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J., & Gantt, W. H. The orienting reflex (questioning reaction): Cardiac, respiratory, salivary and motor components.Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin 1947,80 321–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salapatek, P. Visual scanning of geometric figures by the human newborn.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1968,66 247–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlosberg, H. A. Three dimensions of emotion.Psychological Review 1954,61 81–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schönpflug, W. Gedächtnis und generalisierte psychophysiologische Aktivierung.Zeitschrift für erziehungswissenschaftliche Forschung, 1969.

  • Simon, H. A. Motivational and emotional controls of congition.Psychological Review 1967,74(1), 29–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F.Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F.Verbal behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Small, W. S. Notes on the psychic development of the young white rat.American Journal of Psychology 1899,11 80–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokolov, E. N.Vospriiate i uslovny refleks. Moscow: University of Moscow Press, 1958. (Perception and the Conditioned Reflex, New York: Macmillan, 1963.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokolov, E. N. [A probabilistic model of perception.]Voprosky Psikhologii, 1960. (Translation inSoviet Psychology and Psychiatry, 1963,1, 28–36.)

  • Sokolov, E. N. [Mechanisms of memory.] Moscow: Moscow University Press, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence, K. W.Behavior theory and conditioning. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperry, R. W. Physiological plasticity and brain circuit theory. In H. F. Harlow & C. N. Woolsey (Eds.),Biological and biochemical bases of behavior. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1958. Pp. 401–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spranger, E.Lebensformen: Geisteswissenschaftliche Psychologie und Ethik der Persönlichkeit (3. Aufl.) Halle a.s.: M. Niemeyer, 1922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, J. W. System theoretic limits on the cybernetic paradigm.Behavioral Science 1975,20 191–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thayer, R. E. Measurement of activation through self-report.Psychological Reports 1967,20 663–678.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorndike, E. L. Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals.Psychological Review, Monograph Supplement, 1898,2(8).

  • Tolman, E. C.Purposive behavior in animals and men. New York: Appleton, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Troland, L. T.The fundamentals of human motivation. Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unger, S. M. Habituation of the vaso-constrictive orienting reaction.Journal of Experimental Psychology 1964,67 11–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, C. W.The experimental psychology of beauty. London: Methuen, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velden, M. An empirical test of Sokolov's entropy model of the orienting response.Psychophysiology 1974,11(6), 682–691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinogradova, O. S. [The role of the orientation reflex in the process of establishing conditioned reflex connections in man.] In E. K. Solokov (Ed.),Orientirovoshnyrefleks i voprosy vysshei nervnoi deiatel'nosti v norme i patologii. Moscow: Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinogradova, O. S. [Dynamic classification of responses to sensory stimuli of hippocampal neurons.]Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deiatel'nosti 1965,15(3), 500–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinogradova, O. S. [Study of habituation in the neurons of the rabbit caudate nucleus.]Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deiatel'nosti 1968,18(4), 671–680.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinogradova, O. S., Konovalov, V. F., & Semenova, T. P. [Neural correlates of the extinction of the orienting reflex in various brain structures.]Voprosy Psikhologii 1969,15(1), 46–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voronin, L. G. et al. (Eds.). [The orienting reflex and orienting investigatory activity.] Moscow: RSFSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voronin, L. G., & Sokolov, E. N. [Skin galvanic reactions with pairing of two auditory stimuli.]Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deiatel'nosti 1960,10 3–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. B.Behaviorism. New York: W. W. Norton, 1924.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, W. B. The motivational aspect of an irrelevant drive in the behavior of the white rat.Journal of Experimental Psychology 1949,39 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, R. W. Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence.Psychological Review 1959,66 297–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikler, A. Mechanisms of action of drugs that modify personality function.American Journal of Psychiatry 1952,108 590–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, N. J., & Wilson, W. P. The duration of human electroencephalographic arousal responses elicited by photic stimulation.E.E.G. and Clinical Neurophysiology 1959,11 85–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodworth, R. S.Dynamic psychology. New York: Columbia University Press, 1918.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wundt, W. [Lectures on human and animal psychology (2nd ed.)] (E. B. Titchener, Trans.). London: Allen, 1896.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaremko, R. M., & Keleman, K. The orienting reflex and amount and direction of conceptual novelty.Psychonomic Science 1972,27(4), 195–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, P. T.Motivation and emotion: A survey of the determinants of human and animal activity. New York: Wiley, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Daniel E. Berlyne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Berlyne, D.E. Curiosity and learning. Motiv Emot 2, 97–175 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993037

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993037

Keywords

Search

Navigation