Summary
Anatomical investigations on six species ofCalamus demonstrate that fibre wall thickness and fibre percentage within the vascular bundles vary more than the vascular bundle size and number per unit area. Both fibre wall thickness and fibre percentage decrease consistently from the basal (order) to the top (younger) internodes of the stem and from the periphery to the centre at a given internode. The increase of wall thickness with age is more pronounced in fibres than in cortical and ground parenchyma. The thickening of the fibre wall with increasing stem density results from the deposition of additional lamellae. This appears to impart stiffness and determines the breaking behaviour of rattan both within the stem and among the species. The fracture mode of the fibres depends on the fibrillar orientation, which differs between broad and narrow lamellae.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alvin, K. L.; Murphy, R. J. 1988: Variation in fibre and parenchyma wall thickness in culms of the bambooSinobambusa tootsik. IAWA Bull. n.s. 9: 353–361
Bhat, K. M.: Renuka, C. 1986: Variation in physical characteristics of Kerala grown rattans of Peninsular India. Malaysian Forester 49: 185–197
Bhat, K. M.; Thulasidas, P. K. 1990:Calamus metzianus: Why this rattan breaks? RIC Bull. (in press)
Bhat, K. M.; Renuka, V.; Seethalaksnui, K. K.; Muraleedharan, P. K.; Mohanan, C. 1989: Management and utilization of rattan resources in India. In: Rao, A. N.; Vongkaluang, I. (Eds.): Recent research on rattans. Kasetsart Univ. Thailand & IDRC, Canada pp. 35–45
International Standard Organization 1975: Wood Determination of density for physical and mechanical tests. ISO 3131-1975 (E)
Killmann, W. 1983: Some physical properties of the coconut palm stem. Wood Sci. Technol. 17: 167–185
Kloot, N. H. 1952: Mechanical and physical properties of coconut palm. Aust. J. Appl. Sci. 3: 293–323
Liese, W. 1987: Research on bamboo. Wood Sci. Technol. 21: 189–209
Liese, W.; Weiner, G. 1989: Anatomical structures for the identification of rattan. In: Rao, A. N.; Vongkaluang, I. (Eds.): Recent research on rattans. Kasetsart Univ. Thailand & IDRC, Canada, pp. 107–115
Meylan, B. A. 1978: Density variation withinCocos nucifera. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 8: 369–383.
Parameswaran, N.; Liese, W. 1975: On the polylamellate structure of parenchyma wall inPhyllostachys edulis Riv. IAWA Bull. 4: 57–58.
Parameswaran, N.; Liese, W. 1976: On the fine structure of bamboo fibres., Wood Sci. Technol. 10: 231–246
Parameswaran, N.; Liese, W. 1981: Occurrence and structure of polylamellate walls in some lignified cells. In: Cell walls 81. Proc. Sec. Cell Wall Meeting. Göttingen. Apr. 8–11, 1981. pp. 171–188. Stuttgart: Wiss. Verlagsges.
Parameswaran, N.; Liese, W. 1985: Fibre wall architecture in the stem of Rotan manau (Calamus manan). In: Proc. Rattan Seminar. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1984, RIC pp. 123–129
Parthasarathy, M. V. 1974: Ultrastructure of phloem in palms. I. Mature sieve elements and parenchyma elements. Protoplasma 79: 59–91
Parthasarathy, M. V.; Klotz, L. H., 1976a: Palm ‘Wood’ I. Anatomical aspects. Wood Sci. Technol. 10: 215–229
Parthasarathy, M. V.; Klotz, L. H., 1976b: Palm ‘Wood’ II. Ultrastructural aspects of sieve elements, tracheary elements and fibres. Wood Sci. Technol. 10: 247–271
Parthasarathy, M. V.; Tomlinson, P. B. 1967: Anatomical features of metaphloem in stems ofSabal, Cocos and two other palms. Amer. J. Bot. 54: 1143–1151
Renuka, C; Bhat, K. M.; Nambiar, V. P. K. 1987: Morphological, anatomical and physical properties ofCalamus species of Kerala forests. KFRI Res. Report No. 46, 58 p.
Rich, P. M. 1986: Mechanical architecture of arborescent rain forest palms. Principes 30: 117–131
Richolson, J. M.; Swarup, R. 1977: The anatomy, morphology and physical properties of the mature stem of the coconut palm. In: Coconut stem utilization, Seminar Tonga, Oct. 1976. Min. For. Affairs, Wellington, N.Z.
Siripatandilok, S. 1983: Characteristics of epidermal cells in relating to taxonomy and quality of rattan canes. R. I. C. Bull. 2: 3–4
Sudo, S., 1980: Some anatomical properties and density of the stem of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), with consideration for pulp quality. IAWA Bull. n.s. 1: 161–171
Tomlinson, P. B. 1961: Anatomy of Monocotyledons, II Palmae. Oxford Univ. Press. 453 p.
Tomlinson, P. B.; Zimmermann, M. H. 1967: The ‘Wood’ of monocotyledons. IAWA Bull. 2: 4–24
Weiner, G.; Liese, W. 1988: Anatomical structures and differences of rattan genera from Southeast Asia. J. Tropical For. Sci. l: 122–132
Yudodibroto, H. 1985: Anatomy, strength properties and the utilisation of some Indonesian rattans. In: Proc. Rattan Seminar, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1984, RIC p. 117–122
Zimmermann, M. H.; Tomlinson, P. B. 1965: Anatomy of the palmRaphis excelsa I. Mature vegetative axis. J. Arnold. Arb. 46: 160–178
Zimmermann, M. H.; Tomlinson, P. B. 1974: Vascular patterns in palm stems: Variations of theRaphis principle. J. Arnold Arb. 55: 402–424.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
The first author is grateful to the Director Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) for approving the collaborative research programme with the Institut für Holzbiologie und Holzschutz der Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst und Holzwirtschaft. He is also indebted to the International Development Research Centre, Canada, for sponsoring the visiting programme under the project: Rattan (India) 3-P-86-0236: KFRI/109/1987. Thanks are due to Mrs. G. Weiner for her cooperation and Mr. P.K. Thulasidas (KFRI) for technical assistance in field collection
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhat, K.M., Liese, W. & Schmitt, U. Structural variability of vascular bundles and cell wall in rattan stem. Wood Sci.Technol. 24, 211–224 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01153555
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01153555