Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The colloidal behaviour of kraft lignin

Part I.: Association and gelation of kraft lignin in aqueous solutions

  • Original Contributions
  • Colloid Science
  • Published:
Colloid and Polymer Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

This paper deals with an experimental investigation aimed at determining the extent of and the nature of the aggregation behaviour of kraft lignin (Indulin AT), in aqueous solutions.

Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in dimethylformamide (DMF) revealed a bimodal molecular weight distribution of kraft lignin. The high molecular weight fraction (sol fraction) was isolated by dialysis and used in this investigation.

Stable lignin sols in aqueous solutions, which were not light scattering as determined by the naked eye, were prepared. The extent of aggregation of these sols was followed viscometrically under different pH-conditions. Aggregation was found when the pH was lowered.

The extent of aggregation as determined from viscosity measurements was found to increase irreversibly with storage time and storage temperature. Prolonged heating induced the formation of a 3-dimensional network (gelation). Although both association and gelation were thermally irreversible, it was found that the cohesive interactions could be broken by deprotonization of the carboxylic groups. The aggregation is discussed with reference to previous publications in the field.

It is suggested that the long-range van der Waals forces play an important role together with intermolecular and intramolecular associations of the carboxylic groups.

Zusammenfassung

Vorliegender Artikel berichtet über experimentelle Untersuchungen mit der Zielsetzung, des Ausmaß und die Natur des Aggregationsverhaltens von Kraftlignin (Indulin AT) in wäßrigen Lösungen zu bestimmen.

Gelpermeations-Chromatographie (GPC) in Dimethylformamid (DMF) zeigte, daß beim Kraftlignin eine bimodale Molekulargewichtsverteilung vorlag. Die hochmolekulare Fraktion (Sol-Fraktion) wurde durch Dialyse isoliert und in vorliegender Untersuchung verwendet.

Klare stabile Ligninsole wurden in wäßrigen Lösungen erhalten, die visuell keine Lichtstreuung zeigten. Das Ausmaß der Aggregation dieser Sole unter verschiedenen pH-Werten wurde viskosimetrisch verfolgt. Eine Aggregation wurde beobachtet, wenn der pH-Wert herabgesetzt wurde.

Das Ausmaß der Aggregation, bestimmt aus den viskosimetrischen Messungen, nahm irreversibel mit der Lagerungszeit und Lagerungstemperatur zu. Lange andauerndes Erhitzen führte zur Bildung eines dreidimensionalen Netzwerks (Gelierung). Obwohl Assoziation wie auch Gelierung thermisch irreversibel waren, wurde gefunden, daß die kohäsiven Bindungskräfte durch Deprotonisierung der Carboxylgruppen aufgebrochen werden konnten. Die Aggregation wird im Lichte früherer Veröffentlichungen auf diesem Gebiet diskutiert.

Es wird angenommen, daß die weitreichenden van der Waalsschen Kräfte zusammen mit inter- und intramolekularen Assoziationen der Carboxylgruppen eine wichtige Rolle spielen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. “Lignins” E. byK. V. Sarkanen, H. Ludwig, (Wiley-Interscience, Inc., New York 1971).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Freudenberg, K., Wood Chemistry, Butterworths (1962). Lignin structure and reactions. Adv. in Chem. Series No 59 (A. C. S., Washington, D.C. 1966).

  3. Falkehag, I. S., Appl. Pol. Symp. No 28, 247 (1975).

  4. Soundararajan, T. N., M. Wayman, J. Polym. Sci., Part C30, 521 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Meyerhoff, G., Naturwiss.,46, 143 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Soundararajan, T. N., PH. D-dissertation, University of Toronto (1968) National library of Canada (Ottawa).

  7. Rezanowich, A., W. Q. Yean, D. A. I. Goring, Sv. Papperstidning66 (5), 141 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Adler, E., E. Wesslen, Acta Chem. Scan.18, (5) 1314 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ekman, K. H., J. J. Lindberg, Papper och Trä48 (4), 241 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Brown, W., E. B. Cowling, I. S. Falkehag, Sv. Papperstidning71, 811 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hou-min Chang, E. B. Cowling, W. Brown, Holzforschung29, (5) 153 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Björkman, A., B. Person, Sv. Papperstidn.60, 158, 243 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Björkman, A., Sv. Papperstidn.59, 477 (1956);60, 158, 243, 285, 329 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Moacanin, J., V. F. Felicetta, W. Haller, J. L. McCarthy, J. Am. Chem. Soc.77, 3470 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Felicetta, V. F., A. Ahola, J. L. McCarthy, J. Am. Chem. Soc.78, 1899 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Nokihara, E., M. J. Tuttle, V. F. Felicetta, J. L. McCarthy, J. Am. Chem. Soc.79, 4495 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Felicetta, V. F., J. L. McCarthy, J. Am. Chem. Soc.79, 4499 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Obiaga, T. I., M. Wayman, J. App. Pol. Sci.18, 1943 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Gardon, J. L., S. G. Mason, Can. J. Chem.33, 1477 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Benko, J., Tappi44, (11) 771 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Forss, K., K. Fremer, Paperi ja Puu No8, 443 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Moacanin, J., W. Nelson, E. Back, V. F. Felicetta, J. L. McCarthy, J. Am. Chem. Soc.81, 2052, 2054 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Gupta, R., J. L. McCarthy, Macromolecules1 (3), 236 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Yean, W. Q., A. Rezanowich, D. A. I. Goring, Chim. biochim. Lignine, Cellulose et Hemicellulose, Grenoble, 327 (1964).

  25. Felicetta, V. F., D. Glennie, J. L., McCarthy Tappi50 (4), 170, 186, 202 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Gross, S. K., K. Sarkanen, C. Schuerch, Anal. Chem.30 (4), 519 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Marton, J., T. Marton, Tappi47, (8) 471 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Benko, J., Tappi47 (8), 508 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Lindberg, J. J., A. Tylli, M. Corrado, Papper och Trä46 (9), 521 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Lindberg, J. J., Suomen Kemistilehti38 B, 95 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  31. McNaughton, J. G., W. Q. Yean, D. A. I. Goring, Tappi50 (11), 548 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Obiaga, T. J., M. Wayman, Sv. Papperstidn.76, 699 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Wayman, M., T. I. Obiaga, Can. J. Chem.52, 2102 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Forss, K., K. E. Fremer, B. Stenlund, Papper och Trä48 (9), 565 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Gupta, P. R., D. A. I. Goring, Can. J. Chem.38, 248, 259, 270 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Brauns, F. E., “The chemistry of lignin” Academic Press, New York (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Yaropolov, N. S., D. V. Tishchenko, Zh. Prikl. Khim43 (5), 1120 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Yaropolov, N. S., D. V. Tishchenko, Zh. Prikl. Khim43 (6), 1351 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Goring, D. A. I., Pulp and Paper Mag. Can.58 (5), 165 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Goring, D. A. I., A. Rezanowich, J. Coll. Sci.15, 452, 472 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Gardon, J. L., S. G. Mason, Can. J. Chem.33, 1491 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Lindström, T., Ch. Söremark, Colloid and Interface Sci. V. 217. Biocolloids, polymers, monolayers, membranes and general papers. Ed.Kerker, M. (Academic Press, Inc., New York 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lindberg, J. J., Papper och Trä37 (5), 206 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Lindberg, J. J., Papper och Trä42, (4a) 193 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Lindberg, J. J., Finska Kemistsamf. Medd.68 (1), 5 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Lindberg, J. J., Finska Kemistsamf. Medd.77 (4), 130 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Brown, W., J. Appl. Polym. Sci.11, 2382 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Junker, E., Kolloid-Z.95 (2), 213 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Lindström, T., The colloidal behaviour of kraft lignin. Part II. To be published.

  50. Lindström, T., L. Westman, “The colloidal behaviour of kraft lignin, Part III and IV”. To be published.

  51. Marton, J., Tappi47 (11), 713 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Stone-Masui, J., A. Watillou, J. Colloid Interface Sci.52 (3), 479 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ekman, K., T. Enkvist, Papper och Trä40 (8), 369 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Ekman, K. H., Societas Scientiarum Fennica Commentationes Physico-Mathematicae XXIII, 1 (1958).

  55. Flory, P. J., Principles of Polymer Chemistry, (Ithaca, N.Y., 1953).

  56. Lindström, T., Ch. Söremark, L. Westman, J. Appl. Pol. Sci.2, 2873 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Colloid Science part I. Ed. byKruyt (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1949).

  58. Gelotte, B., J. Chromat.3, 330 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Ekman, K. H., J. J. Lindberg, Papper och Trä42 (1), 21 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Antipina, A. D., I. M. Papissov, V. A. Kabanov, Vysokomol. Soedin.,B 12, 329 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Bailey, F. E. Jr., R. D. Lundberg, R. W. Callard, J. Polym. Sci.A 2, 845 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Papissov, I. M., V. Yu. Baranovsky, A. D. Antipina, V. A. Kabanov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR199, 1364 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Papissov, V. A., Y. Kabanov, Osada et al., Vysokomol. SoedinA 14, 2462 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Osada, Y., Kagaku no Ryyoiki25, 625 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Törmäla, P., J. J. Lindberg, S. Lehtinen, Papper och Trä57 (1) (1975).

  66. Lindberg, J. J., L. Bulla, P. Törmälä, J. Polym. Sci. Symp. No 53, 167 (1975).

  67. Ottewill, R. H., J. Colloid Interface Sci.58 (2), 357 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Napper, D. H., J. Colloid Interface Sci.58 (2), 390 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Swedish Forrest Produst Research Laboratory, Box 5604, S-11486, Stockholm

    T. Lindströmn

Authors
  1. T. Lindströmn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

With 8 figures and 1 table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lindströmn, T. The colloidal behaviour of kraft lignin. Colloid & Polymer Sci 257, 277–285 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01382370

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01382370

Keywords

Search

Navigation