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Food and feeding behavior of Openbill Storks

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Summary

1. The food and feeding behavior of Openbill Storks,Anastomus lamelligerus andAnastomus oscitans, were studied in Africa, India, Ceylon, and Thailand, during parts of 1963–68.

2. My observations and a survey of the literature indicate that shelled molluscs (principally snails of the genusPila) make up a major portion of the prey taken by both species.

3. The usual method of extracting the molluscan body from the shell is described. Most commonly the tip of the lower mandible is inserted into the shell and the body dislodged, without great damage being done to the shell. The popular notion that the open bill functions in the fashion of a “nutcracker” is not supported by my observations.

4. It is suggested that the major adaptive advantage of the open bill is that it gives the birdconvergent mandible tips, which assist in the grasping and carrying of molluscs as well as their extraction.

5. The question of whether the gap in the bill itself has any direct function and its mode and time of development could best be answered through observations and experiments on captive birds.

Zusammenfassung

Die Nahrung und Nahrungsaufnahme der KlaffschnäbelAnastomus lamelligerus undA. oscitans wurde von 1963 bis 1968 auf mehreren Reisen nach Afrika, Indien, Ceylon und Thailand untersucht.

Nach den vorliegenden Beobachtungen, die mit anderen Literaturangaben übereinstimmen, besteht die Nahrung beider Arten hauptsächlich aus beschalten Mollusken, vornehmlich Schnecken der GattungPila.

Zur Extraktion des Molluskenkörpers aus der Schale führt der Klaffschnabel die Spitze seines Unterschnabels in das Schneckengehäuse ein und holt damit den Weichkörper heraus, ohne die Schale zu zerbrechen. Mitunter brechen kleine Splitter von der Schalenlippe ab. Die verbreitete Auffassung, nach der der klaffende Schnabel wie ein Nußknacker die Molluskenschale öffnen würde, wird durch die vorliegenden Beobachtungen nicht bestätigt.

Die adaptive Bedeutung des offenen Schnabels ist sehr wahrscheinlich die Ausbildung der konvergenten Mandibelspitzen, mit denen die Klaffschnäbel die Mollusken vornehmlich ergreifen, tragen und aus der Schale extrahieren.

Die Untersuchung, ob der Schnabelspalt als solcher eine direkte Funktion bei der Nahrungsaufnahme aufweist, und die Frage nach seiner ontogenetischen Entwicklung sind weiteren Studien an gekäfigten Vögeln vorbehalten.

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This paper is respectfully dedicated to Prof. Dr.Ernst Schüz on the occasion of his 69th birthday (24 October 1970), in recognition of his nearly 40 years' research on storks.

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Kahl, M.P. Food and feeding behavior of Openbill Storks. J Ornithol 112, 21–35 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01644077

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