Skip to main content
Log in

Population growth, internal migration, and environmental degradation in rural areas of developing countries

Croissance de la population, migration interne et dégradation de l'environnement dans des aires rurales de pays en développement

  • Published:
European Journal of Population / Revue européenne de Démographie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper examines possible relationships between demographic processes and the environment in rural areas in developing countries. Evidence is reviewed on increasing degradation in the forms of deforestation (of highland forests as well as lowland forests), soil erosion and soil desiccation. The conceptual framework considers changes in demographics as well as economic behaviour being induced by population growth and increasing pressures upon the land, but the focus here is on economic changes in the form of land extensification—often involving internal migration—and land intenstification. Despite data problems, the expected relationships are observed: countries with higher rural population growth tend to have larger increases in the arable land area and associated deforestation, but the intensification effects appear stronger. The paper concludes with implications for policy and further research.

Résumé

Cet article examine les relations possibles qui existent entre les processus démographiques et l'environnement, dans des pays en développement. Il est fait état de l'évidence de dégradations croissantes sous forme de déterioration des forêts, tant dans les hautes terres que dans les basses terres, d'érosion et de dessication du sol. Le cadre conceptuel considère les changements de conduites, aussi bien démographiques qu'économiques, comme étant induits par l'augmentation de la population et les pressions croissantes sur la terre. Cependant on insiste ici sur les changements économiques sous la forme de l'extension des terres cultivables, impliquant souvent des migrations internes, et de l'intensification des cultures. En dépit de problèmes soulevés par les données existantes, les relations attendues sont observées : les pays où l'on observe la plus importante croissance de population rurale tendent à avoir de plus fortes extensions dans les terres cultivables et des détériorations des forêts qui leur sont associées, mais les effets de l'intensification des cultures apparaissent encore plus importantes. L'article conclut sur les implications politiques et sur les recherches à développer dans ce domaine.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bilsborrow, R.E., 1987. Population pressures and agricultural development in developing countries: a conceptual framework and recent evidence. World Development, 15(2): 183–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilsborrow, R.E., Standing, G. and Oberai, A., 1984. Migration surveys in low-income countries: guidelines for survey and questionnaire design. Croom Helm (for the International Labour Office), London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilsborrow, R.E. and Stupp, P.W., 1987. Demographic Effects on Rural Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: an Assessment of the Literature. FAO/ILO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilsborrow, R.E. and Stupp, P.W., 1988. The effects of population growth on agriculture in Guatemala. Carolina Population Center Papers, No. 88–24, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; also presented at PAA, 1989.

  • Bilsborrow, R.E. and DeLargy, P.F., 1991. Land use, migration and natural resource deterioration in the Third World: the cases of Guatemala and Sudan. Forthcoming in Population and Development Review.

  • Bilsborrow, R.E. and Geores, M., 1990a. Demographic effects on rural development in Latin America: an assessment of the literature and recommendations. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilsborrow, R.E. and Geores, M., 1990b. Population, environment and sustainable agricultural development. Background monograph prepared for FAO Seminar on SAD, Rome, 8–12 October 1990.

  • Binswanger, H.P., 1989. Brazilian policies that encourage deforestation in the Amazon. Environment Department Working Paper No. 16, World Bank, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, J. and Allen, J., 1989. The on-site costs of soil erosion in Mali. Environment Department Working Paper No. 21, World Bank, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boserup, E., 1965. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: the Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. Allen & Unwin, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boserup, E., 1981. Population and Technological Change: a Study of Long-Term Trends. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L.R., 1978. The worldwide loss of cropland. Worldwatch Paper 24, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L.R. et al., 1989. State of the World 1989. Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L.R. et al., 1990. State of the World 1990. Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buschbacker, R.J., 1986. Tropical deforestation and pasture development. BioScience, 36(1): 22–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosson, P., 1983. Soil erosion in developing countries: amounts, consequences and policies. University of Wisconsin, Center for Resource Policy Studies, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, K., 1963. The theory of change and response in modern demographic history. Population Index, 29(4): 345–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, K., Bernstam, M. and Sellers, H., eds., 1989. Population and resources in a changing world: current readings. Stanford University, Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies, Stanford, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demeny, P., 1989. World population growth and prospects. In: Working Paper No. 4, Population Council, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckholm, E., 1976. Losing ground: Environmental Stress and World Food Prospects. Norton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckholm, E., 1982. Down to Earth: Environment and Human Needs. Norton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckholm, E. and Brown, L.R., 1977. Spreading deserts—the hand of man. Worldwatch Paper 13, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 1985. Forests, Trees and People. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 1989. FAO Production Yearbook 1988. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glantz, M.H., 1977. Desertification, Environmental Degradation In and Around Arid Lands. Westview, Boulder, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guppy, N., 1984. Tropical deforestation: a global view. Foreign Affairs, 64: 928–965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, G.M. et al., 1982. Potential Population Supporting Capacities of Lands in the Developing World. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho, T., 1985. Population growth and agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa. PHN Technical Note 85-19a, World Bank, Population, Health and Nutrition Department, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature), UNEP and WWFN, 1991. Caring for the world: world conservation strategy for the 1990s. Draft, IUCN, UNEP and WWFN, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, J., 1973. Population and land in world agriculture: recent trends and relationships. Population Monograph Series No. 12, Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, J. and Hotchkiss, D., 1988. Consequences of deforestation for women's time allocation, agricultural production, and nutrition in hill areas of Nepal. Research Report 69, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledec, G., 1987. Effects of Kenya's Bura Irrigation Settlement Project on biological diversity and other conservation concerns. Conservation Biology, 1(3): 247–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledec, G., 1985. Carrying capacity, population growth and sustainable development. In: D. Mahar, ed. Rapid Population Growth and Human Carrying Capacity. World Bank, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, J.H., 1987. Natural Resources and Economic Development in Central America. International Institute for Environment and Development, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahar, D.J., 1989. Government Policies and Deforestation in Brazil's Amazon Region. World Bank, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malthus, T.R., 1966. First Essay on Population, 1798. Facsimile reprint, Macmillan, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNicoll, G. and Cain, M., eds., 1990. Rural development and population: institutions and policy. Population and Development Review, Supplement to Vol. 15.

  • Mendez Dominguez, A., 1988. Population growth, land scarcity, and environmental deterioration in rural Guatemala. Unpublished manuscript, Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Science, 1986. Population Growth and Economic Development: Policy Questions. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberai, A.S., 1986. Land settlement policies and population redistribution in developing countries: performance, problems and prospects. International Labour Review, 125(2): 141–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberai, A.S., 1988. Land Settlement Policies and Population Redistribution in Developing Countries: Achievements, Problems, Prospects. Praeger, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pingali, P.L. and Binswanger, H.P., 1987. Population density and agricultural intensification: a study of the evolution of technologies in tropical agriculture. In: D.G. Johnson and R.D. Lee, eds. Population Growth and Economic Development: Issues and Evidence. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI: 27–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Repetto, R. et al., 1989. Wasting Assets: Natural Resources in the National Income Accounts. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez, P.A. and Benites, J.R., 1987. Low-input cropping for acid soils of the humid tropics. Science, 238: 1521–1527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmink, M. and Wood, C.H., 1987. The “political ecology” of Amazonia. In: P.D. Little et al., eds. Lands at Risk in the Third World. Westview, Boulder, CO: 38–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations, 1984. Population, resources, environment and development. Proceedings of Expert Group Meeting, 25–29 April 1984, United Nations, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations, 1985. World Demographic Estimates, 1950–2025. UN, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations, 1989. World Population Trends and Policies: 1987 Monitoring Report. UN, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 1990. The State of World Population 1990. UN, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank, 1990. World Development Report—Focus on Poverty. World Bank, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987. In: Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Resources Institute, 1990. World Resources 1990. Basic, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zachariah, K.C. and Vu, M.T., 1988. World Population Projections, 1987–1988 edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bilsborrow, R.E. Population growth, internal migration, and environmental degradation in rural areas of developing countries. Eur J Population 8, 125–148 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01797549

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01797549

Keywords

Navigation