Abstract
Spectacular technological progress has been made in the last few years through the development of new materials such as ‘geopolymers’, and new techniques, such as ’sol-gel’. New state-of-the-art materials designed with the help of geopolymerization reactions are opening up new applications and procedures and transforming ideas that have been taken for granted in inorganic chemistry. High temperature techniques are no longer necessary to obtain materials which are ceramic-like in their structures and properties. These materials can polycondense just like organic polymers, at temperatures lower than 100‡. Geopolymerization involves the chemical reaction of alumino-silicate oxides (Al3+ in IV-fold coordination) with alkali polysilicates yielding polymeric Si-O-Al bonds; the amorphous to semi-crystalline three dimensional silico-aluminate structures are of the Poly(sialate) type (-SiO-Al-O-), the Poly(sialate-siloxo) type (-Si-O-Al-O-Si-O-), the Poly(sialate-disiloxo) type (-Si-O-Al-O-Si-O-Si-O-).
This new generation of materials, whether used pure, with fillers or reinforced, is already finding applications in all fields of industry. Some examples:
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pure: for storing toxic chemical or radioactive waste, etc.
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filled: for the manufacture of special concretes, molds for molding thermoplastics, etc.
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reinforced: for the manufacture of molds, tooling, in aluminum alloy foundries and metallurgy, etc.
These applications are to be found in the automobile and aerospace industries, non-ferrous foundries and metallurgy, civil engineering, plastics industries, etc.
Zusammenfassung
Durch die Entwicklung neuer Materialien wie ‘Geopolymere’ und neuer Prozesse wie ‘Sol-Gel’ wurden in den letzten Jahren spektakulÄre Fortschritte auf technologischem Gebiet erzielt. Neue, mittels Geopolymerisationsreaktionen erzeugte Stoffe eröffnen neuartige Anwendungen und verÄndern Ansichten, die in der anorganischen Chemie seit langem als gesichert galten. Hochtemperaturtechniken sind nicht mehr notwendig, um Materialien herzustellen, die in ihren Strukturen und Eigenschaften der Keramik gleichen. Solche Substanzen können, Ähnlich wie organische Polymere, bei Temperaturen unterhalb 100‡C polykondensieren. Geopolymerisation beinhaltet die chemische Reaktion Alumino-silicatischer Oxide (Al3+ in Viererkoordination) mit Alkali-Polysilicaten zu polymeren Si-O-Al Bindungen; die amorphen bis semi-kristallinen dreidimensionalen Silicoaluminatstrukturen sind vom Poly(sialat) Typ (-Si-O-Al-O-), vom Poly(sialat-siloxo) Typ (-Si-O-Al-O-Si-O-), vom Poly(sialat-disiloxo) Typ (-Si-O-Al-O-Si-O-Si-O-).
Diese neue Generation von Materialien, ob in reinem Zustand, mit Füllstoffen oder in verstÄrkter Form, finden gemÄss zitierten Beispielen bereits Anwendungen in allen industriellen Bereichen. Dazu gehören insbesondere die Automobil- und Luftfahrts-Industrie, Giessereien und Metallurgie von Nichteisenmetallen, Ingenieurwesen, Kunststoffindustrie, etc.
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Davidovits, J. Geopolymers. Journal of Thermal Analysis 37, 1633–1656 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01912193
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01912193