Skip to main content
Log in

On quantifying different types of categorical data

  • Published:
Psychometrika Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In quantifying categorical data, constraints play an important role in characterizing the outcome. In the Guttman-type quantification of contingency tables and multiple-choice data (incidence data), the trivial solution due to the marginal constraints is typically removed before quantification; this removal, however, has the effect of distorting the shape of the total space. Awareness of this is important for the interpretation of the quantified outcome. The present study provides some relevant formulas for those cases that are affected by the trivial solution and those cases that are not. The characterization of the total space used by the Guttman-type quantification and pertinent discussion are presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Benzécri, J. P. (1979). Sur le calcul des taux d'inertia dans l'analyse d'un questionnaire [On the calculation of the total inertia in analysis of a questionnaire].Cahiers de l'Analyse des Données, 4, 377–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benzécri, J. P., et al.. (1973).L'Analyse des donnés: II. L'analyse des correspondances [Data analysis: II. Correspondence analysis]. Paris: Dunod.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock, R. D., & Jones, L. V. (1968).Measurement and prediction of judgment and choice. San Francisco: Holden-Day.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. D. (1972). Individual difference multidimensional scaling. In R. N. Shepard, A. K. Romney, & S. B. Nerlove (Eds.),Multidimensional scaling: Theory and applications in the behavioral sciences (Vol 1, pp. 105–155). New York: Seminar Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. D., & Chan, J. J. (1968).How to use MDPREF, a computer program for multidimensional analysis of preference data (Unpublished report). Murray Hill, NJ: Bell Laboratories.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. D., Green, P. E., & Schaffer, C. M. (1986). Interpoint distance comparisons in correspondence analysis.Journal of Marketing Research, 23, 377–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. D., Green, P. E., & Schaffer, C. M. (1987). Comparing interpoint distances in correspondence analysis: A clarification.Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 445–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. D., Green, P. E., & Schaffer, C. M. (1989). Reply to Greenacre's commentary on the Carroll-Green-Schaffer scaling of two-way correspondence analysis solutions.Journal of Marketing Research, 26, 366–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Leeuw, J. (1973).Canonical analysis of categorical data. Leiden, The Netherlands: University of Leiden, Psychological Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R. A. (1948).Statistical methods for research workers (10th ed.). London: Oliver and Boyd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, H. (1987). The choice of constraints in correspondence analysis.Psychometrika, 52, 207–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenacre, M. J. (1987).Measuring total variation and its components in multiple correspondence analysis (Statistical Research Report). Murray Hill, NJ: AT&T Bell Laboratories.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenacre, M. J. (1988). Correspondence analysis of multivariate categorical data by weighted least-squares.Biometrika, 75, 457–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenacre, M. J. (1989). The Carroll-Green-Schaffer scaling in correspondence analysis: A theoretical and empirical appraisal.Journal of Marketing Research, 26, 358–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guttman, L. (1941). The quantification of a class of attributes: A theory and method of scale construction. In The Committee on Social Adjustment (Ed.).The prediction of personal adjustment (pp. 319–348). New York: Social Science Research Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guttman, L. (1946). An approach for quantifying paired comparisons and rank order.Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 17, 144–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, C. (1964). Multidimensional quantification of the data obtained by the method of paired comparison.Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, the Twentieth Anniversary Volume, 16, 231–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, C. (1967). Note on multidimensional quantification of data obtained by paired comparison.Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 19, 363–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healy, M. J. R., & Goldstein, H. (1976). An approach to the scaling of categorized attributes.Biometrika, 63, 219–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebart, L., Morineau, A., & Warwick, K. M. (1984).Multivariate descriptive statistical analysis. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosier, C. I. (1946). Machine methods in scaling by reciprocal averages.Proceedings, Research Forum (pp. 35–39). Edicath, NY: International Business Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishisato, S. (1978). Optimal scaling of paired comparison and rank order data: An alternative to Guttman's formulation.Psychometrika, 43, 263–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishisato, S. (1980a).Analysis of categorical data: Dual scaling and its applications. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishisato, S. (1980b). Dual scaling of successive categories data.Japanese Psychological Research, 22, 134–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishisato, S. (1982).Shitsutecki data no suryoka [Quantification of qualitative data]. Tokyo: Asakura Shoten Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishisato, S. (1988). Assessing quality of joint graphical display in correspondence analysis and dual scaling. In Diday et al. (Eds.),Data analysis and informatics, V (pp. 409–416). Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishisato, S. (1990). Dual scaling of designed experiments. In M. Schader & W. Gaul (Eds.),Knowledge, data and computer-assisted decisions (NATO ASI Series, Volume F 61, pp. 115–125). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishisato, S., & Nishisato, I. (1984).An introduction to dual scaling. Toronto: MicroStats.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishisato, S., & Sheu, W. J. (1984). A note on dual scaling of successive categories data.Psychometrika, 49, 493–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, P. (1960). The analysis of personal preferences.British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 13, 119–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tenenhaus, M. (1982). Review of S. Nishisato,Analysis of categorical data: Dual scaling and its applications.Psychometrika, 47, 120–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, L. R. (1960). Intra-individual and inter-individual multidimensionality. In H. Gulliksen & S. Messick (Eds.),Psychological scaling (pp. 155–167). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This study was supported by a grant from The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to S. Nishisato.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nishisato, S. On quantifying different types of categorical data. Psychometrika 58, 617–629 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294831

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294831

Key words

Navigation