Abstract
In quantifying categorical data, constraints play an important role in characterizing the outcome. In the Guttman-type quantification of contingency tables and multiple-choice data (incidence data), the trivial solution due to the marginal constraints is typically removed before quantification; this removal, however, has the effect of distorting the shape of the total space. Awareness of this is important for the interpretation of the quantified outcome. The present study provides some relevant formulas for those cases that are affected by the trivial solution and those cases that are not. The characterization of the total space used by the Guttman-type quantification and pertinent discussion are presented.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Benzécri, J. P. (1979). Sur le calcul des taux d'inertia dans l'analyse d'un questionnaire [On the calculation of the total inertia in analysis of a questionnaire].Cahiers de l'Analyse des Données, 4, 377–378.
Benzécri, J. P., et al.. (1973).L'Analyse des donnés: II. L'analyse des correspondances [Data analysis: II. Correspondence analysis]. Paris: Dunod.
Bock, R. D., & Jones, L. V. (1968).Measurement and prediction of judgment and choice. San Francisco: Holden-Day.
Carroll, J. D. (1972). Individual difference multidimensional scaling. In R. N. Shepard, A. K. Romney, & S. B. Nerlove (Eds.),Multidimensional scaling: Theory and applications in the behavioral sciences (Vol 1, pp. 105–155). New York: Seminar Press.
Carroll, J. D., & Chan, J. J. (1968).How to use MDPREF, a computer program for multidimensional analysis of preference data (Unpublished report). Murray Hill, NJ: Bell Laboratories.
Carroll, J. D., Green, P. E., & Schaffer, C. M. (1986). Interpoint distance comparisons in correspondence analysis.Journal of Marketing Research, 23, 377–280.
Carroll, J. D., Green, P. E., & Schaffer, C. M. (1987). Comparing interpoint distances in correspondence analysis: A clarification.Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 445–450.
Carroll, J. D., Green, P. E., & Schaffer, C. M. (1989). Reply to Greenacre's commentary on the Carroll-Green-Schaffer scaling of two-way correspondence analysis solutions.Journal of Marketing Research, 26, 366–368.
de Leeuw, J. (1973).Canonical analysis of categorical data. Leiden, The Netherlands: University of Leiden, Psychological Institute.
Fisher, R. A. (1948).Statistical methods for research workers (10th ed.). London: Oliver and Boyd.
Goldstein, H. (1987). The choice of constraints in correspondence analysis.Psychometrika, 52, 207–215.
Greenacre, M. J. (1987).Measuring total variation and its components in multiple correspondence analysis (Statistical Research Report). Murray Hill, NJ: AT&T Bell Laboratories.
Greenacre, M. J. (1988). Correspondence analysis of multivariate categorical data by weighted least-squares.Biometrika, 75, 457–467.
Greenacre, M. J. (1989). The Carroll-Green-Schaffer scaling in correspondence analysis: A theoretical and empirical appraisal.Journal of Marketing Research, 26, 358–365.
Guttman, L. (1941). The quantification of a class of attributes: A theory and method of scale construction. In The Committee on Social Adjustment (Ed.).The prediction of personal adjustment (pp. 319–348). New York: Social Science Research Council.
Guttman, L. (1946). An approach for quantifying paired comparisons and rank order.Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 17, 144–163.
Hayashi, C. (1964). Multidimensional quantification of the data obtained by the method of paired comparison.Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, the Twentieth Anniversary Volume, 16, 231–245.
Hayashi, C. (1967). Note on multidimensional quantification of data obtained by paired comparison.Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 19, 363–365.
Healy, M. J. R., & Goldstein, H. (1976). An approach to the scaling of categorized attributes.Biometrika, 63, 219–229.
Lebart, L., Morineau, A., & Warwick, K. M. (1984).Multivariate descriptive statistical analysis. New York: Wiley.
Mosier, C. I. (1946). Machine methods in scaling by reciprocal averages.Proceedings, Research Forum (pp. 35–39). Edicath, NY: International Business Corporation.
Nishisato, S. (1978). Optimal scaling of paired comparison and rank order data: An alternative to Guttman's formulation.Psychometrika, 43, 263–271.
Nishisato, S. (1980a).Analysis of categorical data: Dual scaling and its applications. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Nishisato, S. (1980b). Dual scaling of successive categories data.Japanese Psychological Research, 22, 134–143.
Nishisato, S. (1982).Shitsutecki data no suryoka [Quantification of qualitative data]. Tokyo: Asakura Shoten Publisher.
Nishisato, S. (1988). Assessing quality of joint graphical display in correspondence analysis and dual scaling. In Diday et al. (Eds.),Data analysis and informatics, V (pp. 409–416). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Nishisato, S. (1990). Dual scaling of designed experiments. In M. Schader & W. Gaul (Eds.),Knowledge, data and computer-assisted decisions (NATO ASI Series, Volume F 61, pp. 115–125). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Nishisato, S., & Nishisato, I. (1984).An introduction to dual scaling. Toronto: MicroStats.
Nishisato, S., & Sheu, W. J. (1984). A note on dual scaling of successive categories data.Psychometrika, 49, 493–500.
Slater, P. (1960). The analysis of personal preferences.British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 13, 119–135.
Tenenhaus, M. (1982). Review of S. Nishisato,Analysis of categorical data: Dual scaling and its applications.Psychometrika, 47, 120–121.
Tucker, L. R. (1960). Intra-individual and inter-individual multidimensionality. In H. Gulliksen & S. Messick (Eds.),Psychological scaling (pp. 155–167). New York: Wiley.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This study was supported by a grant from The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to S. Nishisato.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nishisato, S. On quantifying different types of categorical data. Psychometrika 58, 617–629 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294831
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294831