Skip to main content
Log in

Cognition and emotion from the ret viewpoint

  • Articles
  • Published:
Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article discusses the considerable overlap between my own (R. S. Lazarus) and Albert Ellis' cognitive view of emotions. In discussing Ellis' approach, the hallmarks of a cognitive theory of emotion are identified. My own theory concerning the role of cognitive appraisal and coping in emotions is discussed as well as the crucial metatheoretical concepts of transaction and process. It is stretching things to say that Albert Ellis has presented a fully elaborated theory of emotion. Rather, he has achieved the beginnings of a good theory especially as applied to the pathology of emotional life and how to correct it. Most lacking is how the emotion process works from encounter to encounter, moment to moment. Irrational beliefs as structural, static variables do not adequately account for emotional flux nor adequately explain the content and intensities of the full range of positive and negative emotions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adler, A. (1927).Understanding human nature. New York: Greenberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler, A. (1929).The science of living. New York: Greenberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allport, F. H. (1955).Theories of perception and the concept of structure. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Averill, J.R. (1982).Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baisden, H. (1980).Irrational beliefs: A constant validity study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1976).Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, M. E., & Joyce, M. R. (1984).Rational-emotive therapy with children and adolescents: Theory, treatment strategies, preventative methods. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory.American Psychologist, 36, 129–148.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buck, R. (1985). Prime theory: An integrated view of motivation and emotion.Psychological Review, 92, 389–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, W. B. (1932).The wisdom of the body. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, W. B. (1939).The wisdom of the body (2nd ed.). New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comte, A. (1893).Cours de philosophie positive. University of Paris, III.

  • Darwin, C. (1873).The expression of the emotions in man and animals. New York: Appleton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Depue, R. A., & Monroe, S. M. (1986). Conceptualization and measurement of human disorder in life stress research: The problem of chronic disturbance.Psychological Bulletin, 99, 36–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Rivera, J. H. (1977). A structural theory of the emotions.Psychological Issues, 4 (Monograph 40).

  • De Rivera, J. H. (1984). The structure of emotional relationships. In P. Shaver (Ed.),Review of personality and social psychology: Vol. 5. Emotions, relationships, and health (pp. 116–145). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J., & Bentley, A.F. (1989). Knowing and the known. In J. A. Boydston (Ed.),The later works of John Dewey, 1925–1953 (Vol. 16). Carbondale, Il: Southern Illinois University Press. (Original work published in 1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollard, J., & Miller, N. E. (1950).Personality and Psychotherapy. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A. (1957). Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology.Journal of Individual Psychology, 13, 38–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A. (1958). Rational psychotherapy.Journal of General Psychology, 59, 35–49. (Reprinted 1959, New York: Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A. (1962).Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A. (1985). Cognition and affect in emotional disturbance.American Psychologist, 40, 471–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A., & Abrahms, E. (1978).Brief psychotherapy in medical and health practice. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A. & Bernard, M.E. (1985). What is rational-emotive therapy (RET)? In A. Ellis & M. E. Bernard (Eds.),Clinical applications of rational-emotive therapy (pp. 1–30). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A., & Whiteley, J. M. (Eds.). (1979).Theoretical and empirical foundations of rational-emotive therapy. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emde, R. N. (1984). Levels of meaning for infant emotions: A biosocial view. In K. E. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.),Approaches to emotion (pp. 77–107). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S. (1983). A research paradigm for the study of personality and emotions. In M. M. Page (Ed.),Personality: Current theory and research (pp. 92–153). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdelyi, M. H. (1974). A new look at the new look: Perceptual defence and vigilance.Psychological Review, 81, 1–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fodor, J. A. (1983).The modularity of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fodor, J. A. (1985). Precis of the modularity of mind. An Open Peer Commentary.Behavior and Brain Sciences, 8, 1–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, N. A., & Davidson, R. J. (1984). EEG asymmetry and the development of affect, N. A. Fox & R. J. Davidson (Eds.),The psychology of affective development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frijda, N. H. (1986).The emotions. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldfried, M. R. (1980). Psychotherapy as coping skills training. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.),Psychotherapy process: Current issues and future directions (pp. 89–119). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, H. F. (1953). Mice, monkeys, men and motives.Psychological Review, 60, 23–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heidegger, M. (1962).Being and time. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heider, F. (1958).The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E. R. (1980). The trilogy of mind: Cognition, affection, and conation.Journal of History of the Behavioral Sciences, 16, 107–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L. (1985). Affect, motivation, and cognition. In E. T. Higgins & R. Sorrenson (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horney, K. (1937).The neurotic personality of our time. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, E. E. (1978). On the ontogenesis of emotions and emotion-cognition relationships in infancy. In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.),The development of affect (pp. 389–413). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, G. A. (1955).The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, G. S. (1958). Cognitive control and motivation. In G. Lindzey (Ed.),Assessment of human motives. New York: Holt, Rinehard & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreitler, H., & Kreitler, S. (1976).Cognitive orientation and behavior. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lashley, K. S. (1926). Studies of cerebral function in learning. VII. The relation between cerebral mass, learning and recreation.Journal of Comparative Neurology, 41, 1–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, A. A. (1981).The practice of multimodal therapy. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1966).Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1983). The costs and benefits of denial. In S. Breznitz (Ed.),The denial of stress (pp. 1–30). New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1985). The trivialization of distress. In J. C. Rosen & L. J. Solomon (Eds.),Preventing health risk behaviors and promoting coping with illness: Vol. 8. Vermont Conference on the Primary Prevention of Psychopathology (pp. 279–298). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1986). Comment on LeDoux's sensory systems and emotion: A model affective processing.Integrative Psychiatry, 4, 245–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1989). Constructs of the mind in mental health and psychotherapy. In A. Freeman, K. M. Simon, L. E. Beutler, & H. Arkowitz (Eds.),Comprehensive handbook of psychotherapy (pp. 99–121). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991).Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. InAnnual Review of Psychology, 45, (pp. 1–21). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1995). Vexing research problems inherent in cognitive-mediational theories of emotion-and some solutions. With commentaries and author's response.Psychological Inquiry, 6, 183–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., Coyne, J. C., & Folkman, S. (1982). Cognition, emotion, and motivation. The doctoring of Humpty-Dumpty. In R. W. J. Neufeld (Ed.),Psychological stress in psychopathology (pp. 218–239). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., DeLongis, A., Folkman, S., & Gruen, R. (1985). Stress and adaptional outcomes: The problem of confounded measures.American Psychologist, 40, 770–779.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984).Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., Kanner, A. D., & Folkman, S. (1980). Emotions: A cognitive-phenomenology analysis. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.),Emotion: Theory, research, and experience. Vol. 1. Theories of emotion (pp. 189–217). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeDoux, J. E. (1986). Sensory systems and emotion: A model of affective processing.Integral Psychiatry, 4, 237–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H. (1984). A perceptual motor theory of emotion. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekstein (Eds.),Approaches to emotion (pp. 271–291). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H., & Tomarken, A. J. (1986). Emotion: Today's problems. In M. B. Rosenzy & L. W. Porter (Eds.),Annual Review of Psychology (pp. 565–610). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. A. (1935).A dynamic theory of personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, M. J. (1980). Psychotherapy and the structure of personal revolutions. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.),Psychotherapy process: Current issues and future directions (pp. 157–180). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandler, G. (1984).Mind and body: Psychology of emotion and stress. New York: Morton.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D. C. (1951).Personality. New York: Sloane.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meichenbaum, D. H. (1977).Cognitive-behavior modification. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H. A. (1938).Explorations in personality: A clinical and experimental study of fifty men of college age. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neisser, U. (1967).Cognitive psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roseman, I. (1984). Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory. In P. Shaver (Ed.),Review of personality and social psychology: Vol. 5. Emotions, relationships, and health (pp. 11–36). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotter, J. B. (1954).Social learning and clinical psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarbin, T. R. (1985).Emotion as situated actions. Paper presented at a conference entitled, “The Rose of Emotions in Ideal Human Development,” Clark University, Heinz Werner Institute of Developmental Psychology, Worcester, MA, June 21–22.

  • Sartre, J. P. (1948). A sketch of phenomenological theory.The emotions: Outline of a theory. New York: Philosophical Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, K.R., & Ekman, P. (Eds.). (1984).Approaches to emotion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, R. M. (1984). Is rational-emotive therapy a truly unified interactive approach?: A reply to Ellis.Clinical Psychology Review, 4, 219–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. A. & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813–838.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, R. C. (1980). Emotions and choice. In A. O. Rorty (Ed.),Explaining emotion (pp. 251–281). Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperry, R. (1982). Some effects of disconnecting the cerebral hemispheres.Science, 21, 1223–1226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. S. (1962).Affect, imagery, consciousness: Vol. 1. The positive affects. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. S. (1963).Affect, imagery, consciousness: Vol. 2. The negative affects. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. S. (1981). The quest for primary motives: Biography and autobiography of an idea.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 306–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wachtel, P. L. (1977).Psychoanalysis and behavior therapy: Toward an integration. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. B. (1930).Behaviorism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion.Psychological Review, 92, 548–573.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence.Psychological Review, 66, 297–333.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.American Psychologist, 35, 151–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of affect.American Psychologist, 39, 117–123.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

The present article is a condensed and updated version of a previously published chapter: Lazarus, R. S. Cognition and emotion from the RET viewpoint. In M.E. Bernard & R. DiGiuseppe (Eds.),Inside rational-emotive therapy (pp. 47–68). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lazarus, R.S. Cognition and emotion from the ret viewpoint. J Rational-Emot Cognitive-Behav Ther 13, 29–54 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02354556

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02354556

Keywords

Navigation