Abstract
A detection algorithm for the first and the second heart sounds, which is one of the most important problems in an automatic diagnostic system for phonocardiograms, has been developed. It is based on the frequency-domain characteristics of heart sounds analysed by a linear-prediction method. The performance of the algorithm has been evaluated in 187 samples that contain 881 cardiac cycles including normal and abnormal subjects. The algorithm uses low frequency spectral tracking for the time series of the phonocardiogram. It can track spectral level smoothly so that it is fairly effective for the detection of heart sounds. This tracking procedure can be used in other applications such as electroencephalogram processing.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adolph, R. J., Stephens, J. F. andTanaka, K. (1970) The clinical value of frequency analysis of the first heart sound in myocardial infarction.Circulation,41, 1003.
Akaike, H. (1970) On a semi-automatic power spectrum estimation procedure. Proceedings of the 3rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 944–977.
Itakura, F. andSaito, S. (1970) A statistical method for estimation of speech spectral density and formant frequencies.Trans. Inst. Electron. & Commun. Eng. Japan,53-A.
Iwata, A. andSuzumura, N. (1976) PCG classification by linear prediction analysis.Bull. Nagoya Institute of Technology,28, 377–384.
Iwata, A., Suzumura, N. andIkegaya, K. (1977) Pattern classification of the phonocardiogram using linear prediction analysis.Med. & Biol. Eng. & Comput.,15, 407–412.
Makhoul, J. (1975) Linear prediction: a tutorial review.Proc. IEEE,63, 561–580.
Usui, S. andIkegaya, K. (1978) Low order low-pass differentiation algorithm for data processing and its evaluation.Trans. Inst. Electron. & Commun. Eng. Japan,61-D, 850–857.
Van Vollenhoven, E., van Rotterdam, A., Durenbos, T. andSchlesinger, F. G. (1968) Frequency analysis of heart murmurs.Med. & Biol. Eng.,7, 227.
Yoganathan, A. P., Gupta, R. andCorcoran, W. H. (1976) The fast Fourier transform in the analysis of biomedical data.Med. & Biol. Eng.,14, 239–245.
Yoganathan, A. P., Gupta, R., Udwadia, F. E., Miller, J. W., Corcoran, W. H., Sarma, R., Johnson, J. L. andBing, R. J. (1976) Use of the fast Fourier transform for the frequency analysis of the first heart sound in normal man.Med. & Biol. Eng.,14, 69–73.
Yoganathan, A. P., Gupta, R., Udwadia, F. E., Corcoran, W. H., Sarma, R., andBing, R. J. (1976) Use of the fast Fourier transform in the frequency analysis of the second heart sound in normal man.Med. & Biol. Eng.,14, 455–460.
Yokoi, M. (1976) Clinical evaluation on 5 years' experience of automated phonocardiogram analysis. Digest of the 11th International Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering—Ottawa 25.6.
Yoshimura, S. et al. (1973) Phonocardiogram. Clinic All-Round22, 40–46
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Iwata, A., Ishii, N., Suzumura, N. et al. Algorithm for detecting the first and the second heart sounds by spectral tracking. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 18, 19–26 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02442475
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02442475