Skip to main content
Log in

The mechanical properties of superplastic materials

  • Published:
Metallurgical Transactions A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The relationship between stress and strain rate is often sigmoidal in superplastic materials, with a low strain rate sensitivity at low and high strain rates (regions I and III, respectively) and a high strain rate sensitivity at intermediate strain rates (region II) where the material exhibits optimal superplasticity. This relationship is examined in detail, with reference both to the conflicting results reported for the Zn-22 pct Al eutectoid alloy and to the significance of the three regions of flow.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. W. Rosenhain, J. L. Haughton, and K. E. Bingham:J. Inst. Metals, 1920, vol. 23, p. 261.

    Google Scholar 

  2. A. Sauveur:Iron Age, 1924, vol. 113, p. 581.

    Google Scholar 

  3. C.H.M. Jenkins:J. Inst. Metals, 1928, vol. 40, p. 21.

    Google Scholar 

  4. C.E. Pearson:J. Inst. Metals, 1934, vol. 54, p. 111.

    Google Scholar 

  5. E. E. Underwood:J. Metals, December 1962, vol. 14, p. 914.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. A.A. Presnyakov:Sverkhplastichnost' Metallov i Splavov, publ. “Nauka,” Alma Ata, U.S.S.R., 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  7. A.A. Bochvar and Z.A. Sviderskaya:Izvest. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otdel Tekhn. Nauk, 1945, no. 9, p. 821.

  8. M. W. Grabski:Nadplastyczność Strukturalna Metali, publ. “Ślcask,” Katowice, Poland, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  9. M.Kh. Shorshorov, A. S. Tikhonov, S.I. Bulat, K.P. Gurov, N.I. Nadirashvili, and V. I. Antipov:Sverkhplastichnost' Metallicheskikh Materialov, publ. “Nauka,” Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  10. O.A. Kaibyshev:Plastichnost' i Sverkhplastichnost' Metallov, publ. “Metallurgiya,” Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  11. K. A. Padmanabhan and G.J. Davies:Superplasticity, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  12. R.H. Johnson:Met. Rev., 1970, vol. 15, p. 115.

    Google Scholar 

  13. G. I. Davies, J. W. Edington, C. P. Cutler, and K. A. Padmanabhan:J. Mater. Sci., 1970, vol. 5, p. 1091.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. J. Gittus:Creep, Viscoelasticity and Creep Fracture in Solids, Wiley, New York, NY, 1975, pp. 509–57.

    Google Scholar 

  15. O. Izumi:J. Japan Soc. Tech. Plasticity, 1975, vol. 16, p. 1015.

    Google Scholar 

  16. J. W. Edington, K. N. Melton, and C. P. Cutler:Prog. Mater. Sci., 1976, vol. 21, p. 61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. J. -P. Poirier:Plasticité à Haute Température des Solides Cristallins, Eyrolles, Paris, France, 1976, pp. 191–215.

    Google Scholar 

  18. M. Suéry and B. Baudelet:Rev. Phys. Appl, 1978, vol. 13, p. 53.

    Google Scholar 

  19. D.M.R. Taplin, G.L. Dunlop, and T.G. Langdon:Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci., 1979, vol. 9, p. 151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. A. K. Mukherjee:Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci., 1979, vol. 9, p. 191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. G. Rai and N.J. Grant:Metall. Trans. A, 1975, vol. 6A, p. 385.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. R. Grimes, M. J. Stowell, and B.M. Watts:Metals Technol., 1976, vol. 3, p. 154.

    Google Scholar 

  23. K. Matsuki and M. Yamada:J. Japan Inst. Metals, 1973, vol. 37, p. 448.

    Google Scholar 

  24. S.-A. Shei and T. G. Langdon:J. Mater. Sci., 1978, vol. 13, p. 1084.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. G.L. Dunlop and D.M.R. Taplin:J. Mater. Sci., 1972, vol. 7, p. 84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. D. Lee:Acta Met., 1969, vol. 17, p. 1057.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. W. A. Backofen, F. J. Azzarto, G. S. Murty, and S. W. Zehr:Ductility, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1968, pp. 279–310.

    Google Scholar 

  28. P. Chaudhari and S. Mader:High Speed Testing, Interscience, New York, NY, 1969, vol. VII, pp. 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  29. M.M.I. Ahmed and T.G. Langdon:Metall. Trans. A, 1977, vol. 8A, p. 1832.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. D. Lee and W.A. Backofen:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1967, vol. 239, p. 1034.

    Google Scholar 

  31. H. Ishikawa, F. A. Mohamed, and T. G. Langdon:Phil. Mag., 1975, vol. 32, p. 1269.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. R. Grimes, C. Baker, M. J. Stowell, and B.M. Watts:Aluminium, 1975, vol. 51, p. 720.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. S.H. Butt and J. Crane:Metals Eng. Quart., 1972, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 63.

    Google Scholar 

  34. F. A. Mohamed and T. G. Langdon:Acta Met., 1975, vol. 23, p. 117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. F. A. Mohamed, S.-A. Shei, and T. G. Langdon:Acta Met., 1975, vol. 23, p. 1443.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. F.A. Mohamed and T.G. Langdon:Phil. Mag., 1975, vol. 32, p. 697.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. S.-A. Shei and T. G. Langdon:Acta Met., 1978, vol. 26, p. 639.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. S. T. Lam, A. Arieli, and A. K. Mukherjee:Mater. Sci. Eng., 1979, vol. 40, p. 73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. A. Arieli, A.K. S. Yu, and A.K. Mukherjee:Metall. Trans. A, 1980, vol. 11A, p. 181.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. F. A. Mohamed, M.M.I. Ahmed, and T. G. Langdon:Metall. Trans. A, 1977, vol. 8A, p. 933.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. A. Ball and M.M. Hutchison:Metal Sci. J., 1969, vol. 3, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  42. H. Naziri, R. Pearce, M. Henderson Brown, and K.F. Hale:J. Microsc, 1973, vol. 97, p. 229.

    Google Scholar 

  43. H. Naziri, R. Pearce, M. Henderson Brown, and K. F. Hale:Acta Met., 1975, vol. 23, p. 489.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. O.A. Kaibyshev, B.V. Rodionov, and R.Z. Valiev:Acta Met., 1978, vol. 26, p. 1877.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. O. A. Kaibyshev, I. V. Kazachkov, and S. Ya. Salikhov:Acta Met., 1978, vol. 26, p. 1887.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. M. L. Vaidya, K. L. Murty, and J. E. Dorn:Acta Met., 1973, vol. 21, p. 1615.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. S. C. Misro and A. K. Mukherjee:Rate Processes in Plastic Deformation of Materials, J. C. M. Li and A. K. Mukherjee, eds., American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1975, pp. 434–58.

    Google Scholar 

  48. E. Pink, A. Marquez, and A. Grinberg:Scripta Met., 1981, vol. 15, p. 191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. D. Grivas, J.W. Morris, and T.G. Langdon:Scripta Met., 1981, vol. 15, p. 229.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. D. Grivas: Report No. LBL-7375, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 1978.

  51. S.H. Vale, D.J. Eastgate, and P.M. Hazzledine:Scripta Met., 1979, vol. 13, p. 1157.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. A. Arieli and A. K. Mukherjee:Acta Met., 1980, vol. 28, p. 1571.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. B.M. Watts and M. J. Stowell:J. Mater. Sci., 1971, vol. 6, p. 228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. G. Herriot, M. Suéry, and B. Baudelet:Scripta Met., 1972, vol. 6, p. 657.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. M. Suéry and B. Baudelet:J. Mater. Sci., 1973, vol. 8, p. 363.

    Google Scholar 

  56. M. A. Clark and T. H. Alden:Acta Met., 1973, vol. 21, p. 1195.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. P. Müller and G. Rassmann:Z. Metallk., 1975, vol. 66, p. 213.

    Google Scholar 

  58. S. Hori, N. Furushiro, and S. Kawaguchi:J. Japan Inst. Light Metals, 1975, vol. 25, p. 361.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. A. Arieli and A. K. Mukherjee:Scripta Met., 1979, vol. 13, p. 331.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. A. Arieli and A. K. Mukherjee:Scripta Met., 1981, vol. 15, p. 237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. P. Shariat, R. B. Vastava, and T. G. Langdon:Acta Met., 1982, vol. 30, p. 285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. R.L. Coble:J. Appl. Phys., 1963, vol. 34, p. 1679.

    Google Scholar 

  63. F. R. N. Nabarro:Report of a Conference on Strength of Solids, The Physical Society, London, 1948, pp. 75–90.

    Google Scholar 

  64. C. Herring:J. Appl. Phys., 1950, vol. 21, p. 437.

    Google Scholar 

  65. F. A. Mohamed and T.G. Langdon:Scripta Met., 1976, vol. 10, p. 759.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. T.G. Langdon and F. A. Mohamed:Scripta Met., 1977, vol. 11, p. 575.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. F.A. Mohamed and T.G. Langdon:Acta Met., 1981, vol. 29, p. 911.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. T.G. Langdon:Recrystallization and Grain Growth of Multi-Phase and Particle Containing Materials, N. Hansen, A.R. Jones, and T. Leffers, eds., Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 1980, pp. 223–28.

    Google Scholar 

  69. S.-A. Shei and T. G. Langdon:Acta Met., 1978, vol. 26, p. 1153.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. R.H. Bricknell and A.P. Bentley:J. Mater. Sci., 1979, vol. 14, p. 2547.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. A. Arieli and A.K. Mukherjee:J. Mater. Sci., 1980, vol. 15, p. 2401.

    Google Scholar 

  72. T. G. Langdon:J. Mater. Sci., 1981, vol. 16, p. 2613.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. M.M.I. Ahmed, F.A. Mohamed, and T.G. Langdon:J. Mater. Sci., 1979, vol. 14, p. 2913.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. D. L. Holt:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1968, vol. 242, p. 25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. K. Matsuki, Y. Ueno, and M. Yamada:J. Japan Inst. Metals, 1974, vol. 38, p. 219.

    Google Scholar 

  76. O. A. Kaibyshev, R. Z. Valiev, and V. V. Astanin:Physica Status Solidi (a), 1976, vol. 35, p. 403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. O. A. Kaibyshev, Sh. Kh. Khannanov, and R. Z. Valiev:Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Strength of Metals and Alloys, Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, E.N.S.M.I.M., Nancy, France, 1976, vol. 1, pp. 423–27.

    Google Scholar 

  78. K. Matsuki, H. Morita, M. Yamada, and Y. Murakami:Metal Sci., 1977, vol. 11, p. 156.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. R. Z. Valiev and O. A. Kaibyshev:Physica Status Solidi (a), 1977, vol. 44, p. 65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. I.I. Novikov, V.K. Portnoy, andT. E. Terentieva:Acta Met., 1977, vol. 25, p. 1139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. R.B. Vastava and T.G. Langdon:Acta Met., 1979, vol. 27, p. 251.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. S.-A. Shei and T.G. Langdon:J. Mater. Sci., 1981, vol. 16, p. 2988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. T.G. Langdon:Metall. Trans., 1972, vol. 3, p. 797.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. T.G. Langdon:Metals Forum, 1981, vol. 4, p. 14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. T. G. Langdon:Creep and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, B. Wilshire and D. R. J. Owen, eds., Pineridge Press, Swansea, Wales, 1981, pp. 141–56.

    Google Scholar 

  86. L. C. A. Samuelsson, K. N. Melton, and J. W. Edington:Acta Met., 1976, vol. 24, p. 1017.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. R. Z. Valiev and O. A. Kaibyshev:Physica Status Solidi (a), 1977, vol. 44, p. 477.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. J. E. Bird, A.K. Mukherjee, and J.E. Dorn:Quantitative Relation Between Properties and Microstructure, D.G. Brandon and A. Rosen, eds., Israel Universities Press, Jerusalem, Israel, 1969, pp. 255–342.

    Google Scholar 

  89. T.G. Langdon and F. A. Mohamed:J. Australasian Inst. Metals, 1977, vol. 22, p. 189.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. B.P. Kashyap and G.S. Murty:Mater. Sci. Eng., 1981, vol. 50, p. 205.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. O.A. Ruano, A.K. Miller, and O.D. Sherby:Mater. Sci. Eng., 1981, vol. 51, p. 9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. G. L. Dunlop and D. M. R. Taplin:J. Mater. Sci., 1972, vol. 7, p. 316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. K. Matsuki, Y. Uetani, M. Yamada, and Y. Murakami:Metal Sci., 1976, vol. 10, p. 235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. K. Matsuki, K. Minami, M. Tokizawa, and Y. Murakami:Metal Sci., 1979, vol. 13, p. 619.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. R.Z. Valiev, O.A. Kaibyshev, M. M. Myshlayev, and D.R. Chalaev:Scripta Met., 1980, vol. 14, p. 673.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. L. K. L. Falk, G. L. Dunlop, and T. G. Langdon:Electron Microscopy 1980, P. Brederoo and G. Boom, eds., Seventh European Congress on Electron Microscopy Foundation, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1980, vol. 1, pp. 154–55.

    Google Scholar 

  97. D. J. Dingley:Scanning Electron Microscopy/1970, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL, 1970, pp. 329–36.

    Google Scholar 

  98. N. Furushiro and S. Hori:Scripta Met., 1979, vol. 13, p. 653.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. A. Eberhardt and B. Baudelet:J. Mater. Sci., 1974, vol. 9, p. 865.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. W. Hotz, E. Ruedl, and P. Schiller:J. Mater. Sci., 1975, vol. 10, p. 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  101. A.E. Geckinli and C.R. Barrett:J. Mater. Sci., 1976, vol. 11, p. 510.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. D. G. Attwood and P. M. Hazzledine:Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Strength of Metals and Alloys, Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, E.N.S.M.I.M., Nancy, France, 1976, vol. 1, pp. 413–17.

    Google Scholar 

  103. D.A. Miller, R. B. Vastava, and T. G. Langdon:Microstructural Science, G. Petzow, R. Paris, E. D. Albrecht, and J.L. McCall, eds., Elsevier North Holland, New York, NY, 1981, vol. 9, pp. 249–56.

    Google Scholar 

  104. R. C. Gifkins and T. G. Langdon:Mater. Sci. Eng., 1978, vol. 36, p. 27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. M. Suéry and B. Baudelet:Phil. Mag. (A), 1980, vol. 41, p. 41.

    Google Scholar 

  106. J. H. Gittus:J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 1977, vol. 99, p. 244.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. M.F. Ashby and R. A. Verrall:Acta Met., 1973, vol. 21, p. 149.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. R. C. Gifkins:Scripta Met., 1973, vol. 7, p. 27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. R.C. Gifkins:Metall. Trans. A, 1976, vol. 7A, p. 1225.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. E. W. Hart:Acta Met., 1967, vol. 15, p. 351.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. J. W. Hutchinson and K. W. Neale:Acta Met., 1977, vol. 25, p. 839.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. U. F. Kocks, J. J. Jonas, and H. Mecking:Acta Met.,1979, vol. 27, p. 419.

    Google Scholar 

  113. F. A. Nichols:Acta Met., 1980, vol. 28, p. 663.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. D.A. Woodford:Trans. ASM, 1969, vol. 62, p. 291.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. T. G. Langdon:Scripta Met., 1977, vol. 11, p. 997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. M. A. Burke and W. D. Nix:Acta Met., 1975, vol. 23, p. 793.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. A.K. Ghosh and R. A. Ayres:Metall. Trans. A, 1976, vol. 7A, p. 1589.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. F. A. Mohamed:Scripta Met., 1979, vol. 13, p. 87.

    Google Scholar 

  119. S. Sagat, P. Blenkinsop, and D. M. R. Taplin:J. Inst. Metals, 1972, vol. 100, p. 268.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. G.L. Dunlop, E. Shapiro, D.M.R. Taplin, and J. Crane:Metall. Trans., 1973, vol. 4, p. 2039.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. R.G. Fleck, C.J. Beevers, and D.M.R. Taplin:J. Mater. Sci., 1974, vol. 9, p. 1737.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. C.W. Humphries and N. Ridley:J. Mater. Sci., 1974, vol. 9, p. 1429,

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. C. I. Smith and N. Ridley:Metals Technol., 1974, vol. 1, p. 191.

    Google Scholar 

  124. S. Sagat and D.M.R. Taplin:Acta Met., 1976, vol. 24, p. 307.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. C. I. Smith, B. Norgate, and N. Ridley:Metal Sci., 1976, vol. 10, p. 182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. H. Ishikawa, D. G. Bhat, F. A. Mohamed, and T. G. Langdon:Metall. Trans. A, 1977, vol. 8A, p. 523.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. C. W. Humphries and N. Ridley:J. Mater. Sci., 1978, vol. 13, p. 2477.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. D.W. Livesey and N. Ridley:Metall. Trans. A, 1978, vol. 9A, p. 519.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. D. A. Miller and T. G. Langdon:Metall. Trans. A, 1978, vol. 9A, p. 1688.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. T. Chandra, J. J. Jonas, and D. M. R. Taplin:J. Mater. Sci., 1978, vol. 13, p. 2380.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. T.G. Langdon:J. Microsc., 1979, vol. 116, p. 47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. T. G. Langdon and D. M. R. Taplin:Solid Mech. Arch., 1977, vol. 2, p. 329.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. T.G. Langdon:Advances in Materials Technology in the Americas-1980, I. Le May, ed., American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY, 1980, vol. 2, pp. 55–60.

    Google Scholar 

  134. D. A. Miller and T. G. Langdon:Metall. Trans. A, 1979, vol. 10A, p. 1869.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. M. J. Stowell:Metal Sci., 1980, vol. 14, p. 267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. T.G. Langdon:Metal Sci. (in press).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This paper is based on a presentation made at the symposium “On the Mechanical, Microstructural and Fracture Processes in Superplasticity” held at the annual meeting of the AIME in Pittsburgh, PA on October 7, 1980 under the sponsorship of the Flow and Fracture Activity of the Materials Science Division of ASM.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Langdon, T.G. The mechanical properties of superplastic materials. Metall Trans A 13, 689–701 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02642383

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02642383

Keywords

Navigation