Abstract
Although Type 316 austenitic stainless steel is widely used in steam generating plants and nuclear reactors the knowledge about aging reactions, nature of precipitates, and precipitation kinetics during high temperature exposure is limited. Time-temperature-precipitation (TTP) diagrams were determined between 400° and 900°C for up to 3000 hr as a function of carbon content, solution treatment temperature, and cold work. The nucleation and growth phenomena, morphology, and composition of the various carbide (M23C6, M6C) and intermetallic phases (σ, χ, η were determined. The complex sequence of phase instabilities can be explained on the basis of the carbon content, effect of molybdenum and chromium on the carbon solubility, thermodynamic stability of the phases, and the kinetics of the various precipitation reactions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
H. S. Blumberg:Type 316 for Elevated-Temperature Power-Plant Applications, Climax Molybdenum Company, New York, 1965.
P. T. Nettley,et al.:Fast Breeder Reactors, Proc. of the London Conf. on Fast Breeder Reactors, BNES, P. V. Evans, ed., Pergamon Press, 1966.
H. F. Ebling and M. A. Scheil:Amer. Soc. Test. Mater., Spec. Tech. Publ. No. 369, 1965, p. 275.
High-Temperature Properties of Steels, BISRA/ISI Conf, Eastbourne, 1966;Iron SteelInst. Publ., 1967.
J. T. Barnby:J. Iron Steel Inst, 1965, vol. 203, p. 23.
J. A. Mazza and G. Willoughby:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1966, vol. 204, p. 718.
L. M. T. Hopkin and L. H. Taylor:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1967, vol. 205, p. 17.
H. R. Kautz and H. Gerlach:Arch. Eisenhüttenw., 1968, vol. 2, p. 151.
Battele Memorial Institute:Reactor Mater., 1969, vol. 12, p. 25.
A. Kelly and R. B. Nicholson:Precipitation Hardening;Prog. Mater. Sci, vol. 10, Pergamon Press, 1963.
H.H. Wiegand and M. Doruk:Arch. Eisenhüttenw., 1962, vol. 8, p. 559.
P. A. Blenkinsop and J. Nutting:J. Iron Steel Inst, 1967, vol. 205, p. 953.
F. Garofalo.et at.:Trans. ASM, 1961, vol. 54, p. 430.
P. Duhay,et al:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1968, vol. 206, p. 1245.
J. A. Mazza:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1966, vol. 204, p. 783.
Irradiation Effects in Structural Alloys for Thermal and Fast Reactors, Amer. Soc. Test. Mater., Spec. Tech. Publ. No. 457,1969.
B. Weiss and R. Stickler:Prakt. Metallogr., 1971, vol. VIII, pp. 477 and 528.
P. Hirsch,et al.:Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals, Butterworths, London, 1965.
P. M. Hazzledine:Phil. Mag., 1967, vol. 15, p. 27.
Hsun Hu,et al.: inRecrystallization, Grain Growth and Textures, Amer. Soc. Test. Mater., Metals Park, 1966.
C.S. Barret and T. B. Massalski:Structure of Metals, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1966.
M. Hatherly:J. Inst. Metals, 1960–61, vol. 89, p. 60.
D. T. Llewellyn and J. D. Murray: inMetallurgical Developments in High Alloy Steels, Spec. Rep. 86,Iron Steel Inst., 1964.
H. Goldschmidt:Interstitial Alloys, Plenum Press, New York, 1967.
ASTM Card No. 14-407 (M23C6).
W. B. Pearson:Handbook of Lattice Spacing and Structures of Metals and Alloys, Pergamon Press Ltd., London, 1958.
C. DaCasa,et at..J. Iron Steel Inst, 1969, vol. 207, p. 1325.
F. R. Beckitt and B. R. Clark:ActaMet, 1967, vol. 15, p. 113.
M. H. Lewis and B. Hattersley:ActaMet, 1965, vol. 13, p. 159.
T. Mimino,et al:Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jap., 1969, vol. 9, p. 472.
R. Stickler and A. Vinckier:Rev. Met, 1963, vol. 60, p. 489.
M. C. Chaturverdi.et at.:J. Iron Steel Inst, 1968, vol. 206, p. 1236.
H. Gerlach and E. Schmidtmann:Arch. Eisenhüttenw., 1968, vol. 2, p. 139.
H. Thier,et al:Arch. Eisenhüttenw., 1969, vol. 4, p. 333.
W. Koch:Metallkundliche Analyse, Stahl Eisen, Duesseldorf, 1965.
E. O. Hall and S. H. Algie:Met. Rev., 1966, vol. 11, p. 61.
L. Zwell,et al:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1962, vol. 224, p. 198.
K. Singhal and J.W. Martin:ActaMet, 1968, vol. 16, p. 1441.
L. K. Singhal and J. W. Martin:J. Iron Steel Inst, 1969, vol. 207, p. 1382.
J. I. Morley and H. W. Kirkby:J. Iron SteelInst, 1952, vol. 190, p.129.
H. J. Schliller:Arch. Eisenhüttenw., 1965, vol. 36, p. 903.
P. K. Koh:J Metals, Feb. 1953, p. 339.
M. H. Lewis:ActaMet., 1966, vol. 14, p. 1421.
S. Nenno,et al.:Trans. Jap. Inst. Metals, 1962, vol. 3, p. 82.
J. S. Kasper:ActaMet., 1954, vol. 2, p. 456.
K. W. Andrews:Nature, 1949, vol. 164, p. 1015.
ASTM Card No. 6-0676, χ.
P. Duhay and J. Ivan:J Iron Steel Inst, 1968, vol. 206, p. 1014.
C. J. Bechtoldt and H. C. Vacher:J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand., 1957, vol. 58, p. 7.
Precipitation From Solid Solution, R. Doughton, ed., ASM, Cleveland, 1959.
K. Bungardt,et al:DEW-Tech Ben, 1969, vol. 9, p. 439.
K. Natesan and T. F. Kassner: Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, III., unpublished research.
C. Stawstrom and H. Hillert:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1969, vol. 207, p. 77.
K. W. Andrews and H. Hughes:Precipitation Processes in Steels, Special Rep. No. 64, Iron Steel Inst., 1959.
W. F. Simmons and J. A. van Echo: ASTM Data Series Publ. DS5-S1 (Spec. Tech. Publ. 124) ASTM, Phila., 1965.
J. V. Smith: ASTM Data Series (Spec. Tech. Publ. 124) ASTM, Phila., 1969.
Metals Handbook, 8th ed., ASM, Metals Park, 1964.
A. Vinckier: unpublished data, University of Ghent, Belgium.
L. Colombier:Molybdenum in Stainless Steel Alloys, Climax Molybdenum Co., London, 1968.
U.S. Patent No. 3.473.973, 1969.
ASTM Card No. 11-546 (MC).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
B. WEISS, formerly Senior Research Engineer, Westinghouse Research Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Weiss, B., Stickler, R. Phase instabilities during high temperature exposure of 316 austenitic stainless steel. Metall Trans 3, 851–866 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02647659
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02647659