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Convective heat-transfer measurements in liquid metals under different fluid flow conditions

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Abstract

In this study an experimental method to measure convective heat transfer characteristics in liquid metals is presented. This method involves the immersion into a metal bath of a solid specimen whose melting point is equal to or lower than that of the metal or alloy in the metal bath, and which will not react chemically with the liquid metal or alloys used. The specimen should have a hollow bore whose opening is held above the surface of the liquid metal; immersion continues until such a time as the liquid metal penetrates the hollow bore. The apparent weight of the specimen is monitored to determine the rate at which the net downward force changes. Experimental results are reported for liquid aluminum, liquid copper, and liquid steel. Those experimental results were conducted under different fluid flow conditions. The applicability of this method to liquid slags is also discussed.

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Abbreviations

A :

area

C p :

heat capacity

F :

force (Newton)

F NFD :

net downward force; the force which is registered by the load cell

F G :

weight

F B :

buoyancy force

g :

constant for the acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2)

ΔH:

enthalpy change (kJ/kg)

h :

heat transfer coefficient (kW/m2/K)

H :

immersion depth of lance

I s :

dimensionless number for induction stirring

k :

thermal conductivity (W/mK)

L :

immersed cylinder length

L m :

bath depth

λ:

latent heat of fusion (kJ/kg)

m :

mass

NuL :

average Nusselt number (hL/k)

N l NN :

dimensionless injection numbers

Pr:

Prandtl number (Cpμ/k)

q:

heat flux (kW/m2)

Q :

volumetric flow rate of argon (cm3/sec)

RaL :

Rayleigh number for heat transfer

r o :

internal lance radius

R m :

(internal) crucible radius

SPH :

bath superheat(T B-TM)

Ste:

Stefan number

t :

time

T B :

bath temperature

T M :

melting point (or liquidus temperature for alloys)

U p :

rising plume velocity

V :

volume

X:

semi-empirical factor for induction stirring

X = -1:

power off

X = +1:

power on

α :

oroportional

eff :

effective

g :

gas

IMM :

immersed

L :

immersed cylinder length

L :

liquid

s :

solid

π :

density

μ :

viscosity

β :

fractional submergence of lance(H /L m)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Greece

    Panagiotis G. Sismanis (Engineer)

  2. Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, M5S 1A4, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Stavros A. Argyropoulos (Iron and Steel Society Professor)

Authors
  1. Panagiotis G. Sismanis
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  2. Stavros A. Argyropoulos
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Formerly Postdoctoral Research Fellow with the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, University of Toronto

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Sismanis, P.G., Argyropoulos, S.A. Convective heat-transfer measurements in liquid metals under different fluid flow conditions. Metall Trans B 19, 859–870 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02651410

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