Skip to main content
Log in

Diffusional growth limitation and hardenability

  • Published:
Metallurgical Transactions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

It has long been recognized that the effects of alloying elements on the hardenability of steels is related directly to their effects on the nucleation and growth kinetics of proeutectoid and eutectoid austenite decomposition products. In the present paper, theoretical and experimental studies of proeutectoid-ferrite and pearlite growth are reviewed for systems of the form Fe-C-X, where X is a substitutional alloying element such as Co, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, Si, and so forth. Of principle interest is the limitation which an alloying element X imposes on the corresponding diffusional growth kinetics. Although the agreement between theory and experiment is reasonable for most systems, there remain areas of considerable controversy (e.g., the role of interface diffusion, whether or not local equilibrium is maintained at interfaces and solute segregation to interfaces).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. “Metals Handbook”, 8th ed., vol. 1, p. 189, ASM , Metals Park, 1961.

  2. R. F. Hehemann, K. R. Kinsman, and H. I. Aaronson:Met. Trans., 1972, vol. 3, pp. 1077–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. L. Onsager:Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1945, vol. 46, pp. 241–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. J. S. Kirkaldy:Advan. Mater. Res., 1970, vol. 4, pp. 55–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. J. S. Kirkaldy and G. R. Purdy:Can. J. Phys., 1962, vol. 40, pp. 208–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. L. C. Brown and J. S. Kirkaldy:Trans. TMS-A1ME, 1964, vol. 230, pp. 223–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. J. Fridberg, L. Törndahl, and M. Hillert:Jernkonorets Ann., 1969, vol. 153, pp. 263–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. C. Wells, W. Batz, and R. F. Mehl:Trans. AIME, 1950, vol. 188, pp. 553–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. L. Kaufman, S. V. Radcliffe, and M. Cohen: in “Decomposition of Austenite by Diffusional Processes”, pp. 313–52, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  10. C. Wagner: “Thermodynamics of Alloys”, p. 53, Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  11. J. Chipman and E. F. Brush:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1968, vol. 242, pp. 35–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. K. R. Kinsman and H. I. Aaronson: in “Transformation and Hardenability in Steels”, pp. 33–35, Climax Molybdenum, Ann Arbor, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  13. J. S. Kirkaldy:Can. J. Phys., 1958, vol. 36, pp. 907–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. G. R. Purdy, D. H. Weichert, and J. S. Kirkaldy:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1964, vol. 230, pp. 1025–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. G. V. Shcherbedinskiy and L. A. Kondrachenko:Phys. Metals Metallogr., 1970, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 13–21.

    Google Scholar 

  16. D. E. Coates:Met. Trans., 1972, vol. 3, pp. 1203–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. D. E. Coates:Met. Trans., 1973, vol. 4, pp. 1077–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. D. E. Coates:Met. Trans., 1973, vol. 4, pp. 395–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. H. I. Aaronson and H. A. Domian:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1966, vol. 236, pp. 781–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. F. C. Frank:Proc. Roy. Soc., 1950, vol. A201, pp. 586–99.

    Google Scholar 

  21. C. Zener:J. Appl. Phys., 1949, vol. 20, pp. 950–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. M. Hillert: Internal Report, Swedish Institute Metal Research, 1953.

  23. R. Trivedi and G. M. Pound:J. Appl. Phys., 1967, vol. 38, pp. 3569–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. L. C. Brown:J. Appl. Phys., 1972, vol. 43, pp. 4443–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. G. Bolze, D. E. Coates, and J. S. Kirkaldy:Trans. ASM, 1969, vol. 62, pp. 794- 803.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. K. R. Kinsman and H. I. Aaronson:Met. Trans., 1973, vol. 4, pp. 959–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. M. Hansen: “Constitution of Binary Alloys”, 2nd ed., pp. 471–74, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  28. M. Hillert: in “The Mechanism of Phase Transformations in Crystalline Solids”, pp. 231–47, Inst. of Metals, London, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  29. A. Hultgren:Trans. ASM, 1947, vol. 39, pp. 915–1005.

    Google Scholar 

  30. A. Hultgren:Jernkontorets Ann., 1951, vol. 135, pp. 403–94, in Swedish:K. V.A. Handl. Fjärde Serien, 1953, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1–47, in English.

    Google Scholar 

  31. L. S. Darken:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1961, vol. 221, pp. 654–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. H. I. Aaronson, H. A. Domian, and G. M. Pound:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1966, vol. 236, pp. 768–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. M. Hillert: in “Chemical Metallurgy of Iron and Steel”, ISI Special Report, in press.

  34. E. Rudberg:Jernkontorets Ann., 1952, vol. 136, pp. 91–112.

    Google Scholar 

  35. J. B. Gilmour, G. R. Purdy, and J. S. Kirkaldy:Met. Trans., 1972, vol. 3, pp. 1455–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. J. B. Gilmour: Ph.D. Thesis, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada, Oct. 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  37. C. Atkinson, H. B. Aaron, K. R. Kinsman, and H. I. Aaronson:Met. Trans., 1973, vol. 4, pp. 782–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. M. P. Puls and J. S. Kirkaldy:Met. Trans., 1972, vol. 3, pp. 2777–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. W. H. Brandt:J. Appl. Phys., 1945, vol. 16, pp. 139–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. E. Scheil:Z. Metallkunde, 1946, vol. 37, pp. 123–35.

    Google Scholar 

  41. C. Zener:Trans. AIME, 1946, vol. 167, pp. 550–95.

    Google Scholar 

  42. M. Hillert:Jernkontorets Ann., 1957, vol. 141, pp. 757–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. L. F. Donaghey and W. A. Tiller:Mat. Sci. and Eng., 1968–1969, vol. 3, pp. 231–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. G. Bolze, M. P. Puls, and J. S. Kirkaldy:Acta Met., 1972, vol. 20, pp. 73–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. D. Turnbull:Acta Met., 1955, vol. 3, pp. 55–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. J. W. Cahn:Acta Met., 1959, vol. 7, pp. 18–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. J. M. Shapiro and J. S. Kirkaldy:Acta Met., 1968, vol. 16, pp. 579–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. B. Sundquist:Acta Met., 1968, vol. 16, pp. 1413–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. M. Hillert:Suppl. Trans. J. Iron Steel Inst., 1971, vol. 11, pp. 1153–59.

    Google Scholar 

  50. J. H. Frye, Jr., E. E. Stansbury, and D. L. McElroy:Trans. AIME, 1953, vol. 197, pp. 219–24.

    Google Scholar 

  51. D. Brown and N. Ridley:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1969, vol. 207, pp. 1232–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. N. Ridley, D. Brown, and H. I. Malik: in “Chemical Metallurgy of Iron and Steel”, ISI special report, in press.

  53. M. L. Pickelsimer, D. L. McElroy, T. M. Kegley, E. E. Stansbury, and J. H. Frye:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1960, vol. 218, pp. 473–80.

    Google Scholar 

  54. M. Hillert: in “Phase Transformations”, pp. 181–218, ASM, Metals Park, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  55. B. E. Sundquist:Acta Met., 1969, vol. 17, pp. 967–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. J. Fridberg: Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  57. J. W. Cahn and W. C. Hagel: in “Decomposition of Austenite by Diffusional Processes”, pp. 131–96, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  58. J. W. Cahn and W. C. Hagel:Acta Met., 1963, vol. 11, pp. 561–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. J. Fridberg and M. Hillett:Acta Met., 1970, vol. 18, pp. 1253–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. G. Bolze: Ph.D. Thesis, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada, May 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  61. M. Hillert:Acta Met., 1971, vol. 19, pp. 769–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. C. R. Brooks and E. E. Stansbury:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1965, vol. 203, pp. 514–23.

    Google Scholar 

  63. P. Boswell, K. R. Kinsman, and H. I. Aaronson: cited in “Phase Transformations”, pp. 334–39, ASM, Metals Park, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This paper is based on a presentation made at a symposium on “Hardenability” held at the Cleveland Meeting of The Metallurgical Society of AIME, October 17, 1972, under the sponsorship of the IMD Heat Treatment Committee.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Coates, D.E. Diffusional growth limitation and hardenability. Metall Trans 4, 2313–2325 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02669370

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02669370

Keywords

Navigation