Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dynamic simulations of a self-polishing antifouling paint exposed to seawater

  • Published:
Journal of Coatings Technology

Abstract

A mathematical model for a self-polishing antifouling paint exposed to seawater was extended to handle dynamic simulations. The aim has been to investigate, quantitatively, the transient responses of the paint to changes in seawater temperature, pH, concentration of NaCl, and ship speed. The simulation study revealed that polishing and biocide release rates for a paint present on a ship bottom rarely reach stable conditions, because of the slow response of the paint to changes in temperature and ship speed. It was also found that the paint behavior stabilizes more rapidly from a temperature or speed increase than from temperature or speed reductions. These results are essential for the testing of paints on ships and useful information in the development of novel self-polishing antifouling paints.

The modeling approach underlying the simulations can be applied to any type of self-polishing antifouling paint provided that sufficient kinetic, solubility, and diffusivity data are available for the pertinent rate steps influencing the paint behavior.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Iselin, C.O.D. (Ed.),Marine Fouling and Its Prevention, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, MD, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Samui, A.B., Hande, V.R., and Deb, P.C., “Synthesis and Characterization of Copoly(MMA-MA)-Cu Complex and Study on its Leaching Behavior,”Journal of Coatings Technology, 69, No. 867, 67 (1997).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Swain, G.W., “Biofouling Control: A Critical Component of Drag Reduction.” International Symposium on Seawater Drag Reduction, The Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, RI, July 22–24, 155 (1998).

  4. Warnez, M. and Hansen, O., “Self-Polishing Polymers for Antifouling Paints,” Federation of Scandinavian Paint and Varnish Technologists, 10th Congress, October 11–13, Copenhagen, 7.1 (1982).

  5. Kuo, P. and Chuang, T., “Surface-Fragmenting, Self-Polishing, Tin-Free Antifouling Coatings,”Journal of Coatings Technology,71, No. 893, 77 (1999).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gerigk, U., Schneider, U., and Stewen, U., “The Present Status of TBT Copolymer Antifouling Paints Versus TBT-Free Technology,”Prepr. Ext. Abstr., ACS Natl. Meet. 38, No. 1, 91 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Champ, M.A. and Seligman, P.F.,Organotin: Environmental Fate and Effects, Chapman & Hall, London, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ryle, M., “Are TBT Alternatives As Good?”The Motor Ship, January, 34 (1999).

  9. Kiil, S., Weinell, C.E., Pedersen, M.S., and Dam-Johansen, K., “Analysis of Self-Polishing Antifouling Paints Using Rotary Experiments and Mathematical Modelling,”Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40, No. 18, 3906 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bowmer, C.T. and Ferrari, G., “A New Approach to the Development and Testing of Antifouling Paints,”J. Oil & Colour Chemists’ Assoc., 72, No. 10, 391 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Marson, F., “Antifouling Paints. I. Theoretical Approach to Leaching of Soluble Pigments from Insoluble Paint Vehicles,”J. Appl. Chem., 19, No. 4, 93 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. de la Court, F.H. and De Vries, H.J., “Leaching Mechanism of Cuprous Oxide from Antifouling Paints,”J. Oil & Colour Chemists’ Assoc., 56, No. 8, 388 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Marson, F., “Antifouling Paints. II. More Detailed Examination of the Effect of Pigment Volume Concentration,”J. Appl. Chem. Biotechnol., 24, No. 9, 515 (1974).

    Article  CAS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Monaghan, C.P., Kulkarni, V.H., and Good, M.L., “Further Evaluation of a Diffusion Model for the Characterization of the Leaching Properties of Several Conventional Antifouling Coatings,” Report. TR-7. Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U.S.), 78, No. 21, 171 (1978).

  15. Kruglitskii, N.N., Avilov, V.O., Batyuk, V.P., and Shkurovich, M.Y., “Mathematical Modeling of the Leaching of Biologically Active Substances from Anticorrosive ‘Antifouling’ Coatings,”Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR (in Russian), 1, 30 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Caprari, J.J., Meda, J.F., Damia, M.P., and Slutzky, O., “A Mathematical Model for Leaching in Insoluble Matrix Films,”Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 29, 2129 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kiil, S., Weinell, C.E., Pedersen, M.S., and Dam-Johansen, K., “Mathematical Modelling of a Self-Polishing Antifouling Paint Exposed to Seawater—A Parameter Study,”Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 80 (A1), 45 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Levenspiel, O.,Chemical Reaction Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Grasshoff, K.,Methods of Seawater Analysis, Verlag Chemie, Germany, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Patton, T.C.,Paint Flow and Pigment Dispersion, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Capurro, L.R.A.,Oceanography for Practicing Engineers, Griffith, D.E. (Ed)., Barnes & Noble Inc., New York, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Anderson, C.D., “Tin vs. Tin-free Antifoulings,”Conf. Proc., Protecting the Ship While Safeguarding the Environment, London, April 5–6, 1995. Society of Wetland Scientists, Kansas, 1.

  23. Ferry, J.D. and Carritt, D.E., “Action of Antifouling Paints: Solubility and Rate of Solution of Cuprous Oxide in Sea Water,”Ind. Eng. Chem., 38, No. 6, 612 (1946).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

    Søren Kiil & Kim Dam-Johansen

  2. Hempel’s Marine Paints A/S, Denmark

    Claus E. Weinell & Michael S. Pedersen

  3. Pinturas Hempel, Spain

    Santiago Arias Codolar

Authors
  1. Søren Kiil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kim Dam-Johansen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Claus E. Weinell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Michael S. Pedersen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Santiago Arias Codolar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Søren Kiil.

Additional information

Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.

Lundtoftevej 150, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.

P.O. Box 808213 Polinyà, Spain.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kiil, S., Dam-Johansen, K., Weinell, C.E. et al. Dynamic simulations of a self-polishing antifouling paint exposed to seawater. Journal of Coatings Technology 74, 45–54 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02698368

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02698368

Keywords

Search

Navigation