Skip to main content
Log in

Natural root grafts

  • Published:
The Botanical Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Literature Cited

  • Adams, A. J. S. 1940. Observations on root fusions in Monterey pine. Australian For.5(2): 78–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, W. R. 1935. Studies in tolerance of New England forest trees. XII. Effect of thinning in plantations on some of the physical factors of the site and on development of young northern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Vermont Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 390.

  • Anonymous. 1913. The growth of stumps. Sci. Amer. 108(5): 112.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1940. Tree-poisoning with sodium arsenite. Plant Bull. Rubber Res. Inst. Malaya 11: 5–6. (For. Abstr. 2: 138, 1941.)

  • -. 1943. The killing of “weed” trees. For. Abstr. 5(2): 77–80.

  • -. 1949. Poisoning of rubber trees with sodium arsenite. Rubber Inst. Malaya, Circ. 29.

  • -. 1950. All out production. Planter (Malaya) 26: 406.

  • -. 1959. Pulitzer seeks prize sawtimber. Amer. Tree Farmer No. 21: 5.

  • Armson, K. A., andR. Van DenDriessche. 1959. Natural root grafts in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.). For. Chron.35: 232–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avery, G. S. 1957. The dying oaks. Sci. Amer.196(5): 112–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, H. I. 1938. Trees that unite with each other. Sci. Monthly47: 80–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckman, C. H., andJ. E. Kuntz. 1951. Translocation of poisons, dyes, and radioiodine, and its relation to oak wilt. (Abstr.) Phytopathology41(1): 2–3. (For. Abstr. 12: 3388, 1951.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beddie, A. D. 1941. Natural root grafts in New Zealand trees. Trans. and Proc. Royal Soc. New Zealand71: 199–203. (For. Abstr. 4: 92, 1943.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellon, S. 1956. Root-grafting in forest trees (Polish). Sylwan100(12): 30–42. (For. Abstr. 19: 2817, 1958.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertog, H. 1895. Untersuchungen über den Wuchs und das Holz der Weisstanne und Fichte. Forstl. naturw. Zeitschr.4(3): 97–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beskaravainyi, M. M. 1955. Root-grafting in some woody species in the Kamyshin district (Russian). Agrobiologija1955(3): 78–89. (For. Abstr. 17: 2560, 1956.)

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1956a. The development of root-grafted tree groups in pine stands of the Kamyshin field station (Russian). Agrobiologija1956(1): 143–146. (For. Abstr. 18: 3791, 1957.)

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1956b. Oak root-grafting in stands at the Kamyshin field station (Russian). Agrobiologija1956(4): 119–122. (For. Abstr. 18: 3792, 1957.)

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1958. The transpiration of root-graftedPinus sylvestris (Russian). Fiziol. Rast.5(4): 366–368. (For. Abstr. 20: 1432, 1959.)

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1961. Transpiration of pines with interspecific root-grafts (Russian). Fiziol. Rast.8(1): 122–125. (For. Abstr. 23: 96, 1962.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bitancourt, A. A., andH. S. Fawcett. 1944. Statistical studies of distribution of psorosis-affected trees in citrus orchards. Phytopathology34: 358–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobilioff, W. 1927. The growing together of the roots of theHevea. Arch. v. Rubbercult. Nederland.-Indië11: 347–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bormann, F. H. 1957. Moisture transfer between plants through intertwined root systems. Plant Physiol.32(1): 48–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1961a. Intraspecific root grafting and the survival of eastern white pine stumps. For. Sci.7(3): 247–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1961b. Intraspecific root grafts and transport. Univ. Toronto Press, Recent Adv. in Botany2: 1309–1311.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1962. Root grafting and non-competitive relationships between trees.In: Tree Growth, ed. byT. T. Kozlowski, Ronald Press Co., New York, Chap. 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1966. The structure, function, and ecological significance of root grafts inPinus strobus. Ecol. Monogr.36(1): 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, andB. F. Graham, Jr. 1959. The occurrence of natural root grafting in eastern white pine,Pinus strobus L., and its ecological significance. Ecology40(4): 677–691.

    Google Scholar 

  • —,—. 1960. Translocation of silvicides through root grafts. Jour. For.58(5): 402–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • —,—. 1961. A study of intraspecific root grafts in white pine,Pinus strobus L., by means of radioisotopes and dyes. Univ. Toronto Press, Recent Adv. in Botany2: 1375–1377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyce, J. S., Jr. 1957. Oak wilt spread and damage in the southern Appalachians. Jour. For.55(7): 499–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1960. Distribution ofCeratocystis fagacearum in roots of wilt-infected oaks in North Carolina. Phytopathology50(10): 775–776.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1966. Sporulation byPeniophora gigantea with reference to control ofAnnosus root rot. For. Sci.12(1): 2–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breazeale, J. F. 1930. Maintenance of moisture equilibrium and nutrition of plants at and below the wilting percentage. Univ. Ariz., Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 29.

  • -, andF. J. Crider. 1934. Plant association and survival, and the build-up of moisture in semi-arid soils. Univ. Ariz., Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 53

  • Buchanan, T S. 1943. Characteristics of the little-leaf disease of southern pines. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale Univ., Sch. Forestry, New Haven, Conn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckland, D. C., A. C. Molnar, andG. W. Wallis. 1954. Yellow laminated root rot of Douglas fir. Canad. Jour. Bot.32: 69–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busgen, M., andE. Munch. 1931. The structure and life of forest trees. 3rd ed. (Transl. by T. Thomson.) John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, J. C. 1955. Illinois trees: Their diseases. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 46.

  • Cheney, E. G. 1932. The roots of a jack pine tree. Jour. For.30: 929–932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheremskoi, S. G. 1962. Concrescence of root systems and the overgrowing of stumps in a dense plantation of Siberian larch (Russian). Agrobiologija1962(3): 450–451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciumac, G. 1956. Natural root-grafting in woody plants and its importance for silvicultural practice (Rumanian). Rev. Pădurilor71(3): 139–142. (For. Abstr. 18: 1383, 1957.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, D. B., andD. S. Welch. 1957. Backflash damage to residual stands incident to chemi-peeling. Jour. For.55(4): 265–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, C. F. 1961. Pattern in ponderosa pine forests. Ecology42: 493–499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daillimore, W. 1917. Natural grafting of branches and roots. Kew Bull. 9 and10: 303–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, D. W. 1963. Living stumps ofTsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (Hemlock) in northern New Jersey. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club90: 204–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, andR. M. Davis. 1964. Further observations on living stumps ofTsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (Hemlock) in northern New Jersey. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club91(3): 233–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drinkwater, M. H. 1957. Field spruce in Nova Scotia. Canada, For. Branch, For. Res. Div. Tech. Note 65, 23 pp.

  • DuBreuil, A. 1848. Sur l’accroissement en diamètre de quelques souches d’arbres résineux après la suppression de leur tige. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris27: 387–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, W. H. 1935. Root systems of woody plants of old fields of Indiana. Ecology16: 554–567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutrochet, H. J. 1833. Observations sur la longe persistance de la vie et l’accroissement dans les racines et dans la souche duPinus picea L., après qu’il a été abattu. Ann. Sci. Nat.29: 300–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eames, A. J. 1911. Stump healing inPinus strobus. Rhodora13: 253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elwes, H. J., andA. Henry. 1909. The trees of Great Britain and Ireland.4: 726. (Privately printed) Edinburgh.

  • Fenton, R. H. 1965. Root grafts and translocation of 2,4,5-T in young sweet-gum stands. Jour. For.63(1): 16–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, F., G. Bazzigher, undH. Kobert. 1960. Künstlich hergestellte Wurzelverwachsungen. Mitt. Schweiz. Anst. forstl. Versuchw.36(1): 15–32. (For. Abstr. 21: 4156, 1960.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Flury, P. 1919. Ueber Wurzelverwachsungen. Schweiz. Zeitschr. Forstw.3-4: 37–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, R. D. (Ed). 1956. Forestry Handbook (Edited for the Society of American Foresters). The Ronald Press Co., New York, pp. 6–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke, M. 1882. Qualche nuovo caso di fusione della radici. Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital.14: 267–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1883. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Wurzelverwachsungen. Beitr. Biol. Pflanz.3: 307–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garner, R. J. 1958. The Grafter’s Handbook. Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 32–34.

  • Goeppert, H. R. 1843. Observations sur les bourrelets ligneux qui se forment sur les souches du Sapin blanc. (Abstr.). Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. (Ser. 2)19: 181–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1846. Ueber die Ueberwallung der Tannenstöcke. Botan. Zeitung4(30): 505–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1853. Ueber das Ueberwallen der Coniferenstümpfe in Betreff einer Stelle in Hr. Schact’s Physiologische Botanik, S. 332. Botan. Zeitung11: 153–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1870. Nachträge zur der Schrift uber Inschriften und Zeichen in Lebenden Bäumen. Breslau. Morgenstern.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordeev, A. V. 1953. Live stumps (Russian). Priroda, Moskva42(7): 114–115. (For. Abstr. 15: 2335, 1954.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, B. F., Jr. 1959. Root-grafts in eastern white pine,Pinus strobus L.: Their occurrence and ecological implications. Ph.D. Dissertation, Botany Dept., Duke Univ., Durham, North Carolina.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1960. Transfer of dye through natural root grafts ofPinus strobus L. Ecology41(1): 56–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greyerz, E. 1844. Über das sogenannte Ueberwallen der Weistannenstöcke. Nat. Ges. Bern Mittheil, pp. 177–181.

  • Grigor, J. 1868. Arboriculture; or, A practical treatise on raising and managing forest trees, and on the profitable extension of the woods and forests of Great Britain. Edinburgh.

  • Hafiz Kahn, A. 1910. Root infection ofTrameies pini (Brot.) Fr. Indian For.36: 559–562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harada, Y. 1936. Root competition in forests (Japanese). Syokubutu oyobi Doobutu (Bot. and Zool.)4(4): 711–716.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartic, T. 1846. Versuch einer Beantwortung der Fragen des Herrn. Oberförsters von Berg, das Ueberwallen der Nadelholzstöcke betreffend. Allg. Forst-u. Holzw. Zeitung, pp. 5–10.

  • Hedgcock, G. G. 1912. Notes on some diseases of trees in our National Forests. Phytopathology2(2): 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hengst, E. 1958. Wurzelstockuntersuchungen an der Douglasie. Arch. Forstw.7(4/5): 338–351. (For. Abstr. 20: 1557, 1959.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, B. W., C. S. Moses, C. A. Richards, andA. J. Riker. 1944. Oak wilt: Its significance, symptoms, and cause. Phytopathology44:(7): 636–647.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hole, R. S. 1914.Trametes pini, Fries, in India. Indian For. Rec.5(5): 159–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmsgaard, E., andO. Scharff. 1963. Living stumps in Norway spruce stands. Forstl. Forsgsv. Danm.28(2): 99–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hort, A. 1916. (Translator). Enquiry into Plants, by Theophrastus. The Loeb Classical Library, Vol. I, Bk. III, p. 197. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton, K. W. 1958. Rooting habits of lodgepole pine. Canada, For. Branch, For. Res. Div. Tech. Note 67, 26 pp.

  • Jepson, W. L. 1909. Trees of California. Cunningham, Curtis, and Welch, San Francisco, p. 33.

  • Jones, T. W., andA. D. Partridge. 1961. The importance of root grafts in oak wilt spread in Missouri. Plant Dis. Reporter45(7): 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Junovidov, A. P. 1950. Notes on the biology of Scots pine (Russian). Lesn. Hoz.1950(5): 31–33. (For. Abstr. 13: 1035, 1952.)

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1951. Grafting in root systems of pine in the forest (Russian). Agrobiologija4: 33–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1952. Intraspecific relationships in the forest (Russian). Lesn. Hoz.5(8): 11–13. For. Abstr. 16: 3887, 1955.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kadambi, K. 1954. Instances of the fusion of the tissue of different trees. Indian For.80(11): 726. (For. Abstr. 16: 1516, 1955.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaito, S. 1952. Sugi bakkon no kyoosei ni tuite (On the stumps ofCryptomeria japonica connected to standing trees) (Japanese). Gizitu Kenkyuu (Tokyo Reg. For. Off., Tech. Rept.) 3, pp. 140–144.

  • Karizumi, N. 1957. Studies on the form and distribution habit of tree roots (Japanese, English summary). Gov. For. Exp. Sta. (Tokyo), Bull. 94.

  • Klein, L. 1908. Bemerkenswerte Bäume im Grossherzogtum Baden. Heidelberg, pp. 350–351.

  • Kobendza, R. 1955. Further studies on the healing over of tree stumps (Polish). Roczn. dendrol. polsk. Tow. bot., Warsz. 10: 1–37. (For. Abstr. 17: 2561, 1956.)

  • Kozlowski, T. T., andJ. H. Cooley. 1960. Natural root grafting in forest trees. Univ. Wis. Res. Notes (March).

  • —,—. 1961. Natural root grafting in northern Wisconsin. Jour. For.59(2): 105–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuntz, J. E. 1950. What’s new in oak wilt? Proc. 26th Natl. Shade Tree Conf. (Syracuse), pp. 31–37.

  • —, andA. J. Riker. 1950a. Root grafts as a possible means for local transmission of oak wilt (Abstr.). Phytopathology40(1): 16–17. (For. Abstr. 11: 3293, 1950.)

    Google Scholar 

  • —,—. 1950b. Oak wilt in Wisconsin. Wis. Conserv. Bull.15(6): 20–23. (For. Abstr. 12: 3389, 1951.)

    Google Scholar 

  • —,—. 1950c. The translocation of poisons between oak trees through natural root grafts (Abstr.). Res. Rep. 7th Ann. North Centr. Weed Control Conf., p. 242. (For. Abstr.13: 1208, 1952.)

    Google Scholar 

  • -, and -. 1956a. Oak wilt. Univ. Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 519.

  • -, and -. 1956b. The use of radioactive isotopes to ascertain the role of root grafting in the translocation of water, nutrients, and disease inducing organisms among forest trees. Proc. Int. Conf. on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy (Geneva, Switzerland) 12: 144–148.

  • Laessle, A. M. 1965. Spacing and competition in natural stands of sand pine. Ecology46: 65–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laitakari, E. 1929a. Mannyn juuristo. Morfologinen tutkimus. (English summary.) The root system of pine (Pinus sylvestris): A morphological investigation. Acta for. fenn.33(1): 1–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1929b. Die Wurzelforschung in ihrer Beziehung zur praktischen Forstwirtschaft. Acta for. fenn.33(2): 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1935. Koivun juuristo. (English summary.) The root system of birch. Acta for. fenn.41(2): 1–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanner, R. M. 1961. Living stumps in the Sierra Nevada. Ecology42(1): 170–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1963. Soviet forestry and the “New Biology.” Jour. For.61(1): 12–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaRue, C. D. 1934. Root grafting in trees. Amer. Jour. Bot.21: 121–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1952. Root grafting in tropical trees. Science115: 296.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liese, J. 1926. Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Wurzelsystems der Kiefer (Pinus sylvestris). Zeitschr. Forstu. Jagdw., pp. 129–181. Berlin.

  • Little, E. L., Jr. 1953. Check list of native and naturalized trees of the United States (including Alaska). U. S. Dep. Agr. Handbook 41.

  • Ljubic, F. P. 1954. Interrelation of root systems of individual plants ofQuercus robur L. and of other woody species in the “nest” method of establishing plantations (Russian). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR97(3): 535–538. (For. Abstr. 16: 2951, 1955.)

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1955. The interaction of root systems of different tree species growing in mixture (Russian). Agrobiologija1955(1): 112–116. (For. Abstr. 17: 231–1956.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Luncz, G. 1931. Recent research work on the root systems of forest trees. International Rev. Agriculture22: 239T-243T.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMinn, R. G. 1954. Interim report on studies on the characteristics and ecology of the root system of second growth Douglas fir. Unpubl. ms., Canad. Dep. Agr., For. Biol. Lab., Victoria, B. C.

  • -. 1955. Studies on the root systems of healthy and pole blight affected white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.). Interim Rep., Canad. Dep. Agr., For. Biol. Lab, Victoria, B. C.

  • McNab, W. R. 1871. On the growth of the roots of coniferous trees after being felled. Gard. Chron., pp. 307–308.

  • McNew, G. L., andR. A. Young. 1948. A study of the causal relationship and control of the oak wilt fungus. Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep., pp. 185–186. (For. Abstr.11: 1467, 1950.)

  • McQuilkin, W. E. 1935. Root development of pitch pine. Jour. Agr. Res.51(11): 983–1016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mangin, L. 1885. Sur un nouvel exemple de concrescence des racines. Bull. Soc. Bot. France32: 243–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, R. P. 1942. Care of damaged shade trees. United States Dep. Agr., Farmers Bull. 1896.

  • Mathieu, A. 1897. Flore forestière. 4e ed. J.-B. Baillière et Fils, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, C. 1953. The Dutch elm disease problem. Proc. 29th Natl. Shade Tree Conf. (Chicago), pp. 60–69.

  • Miller, L., andF. W. Woods. 1965. Root grafting in loblolly pine. Bot. Gaz.126(4): 252–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molotkov, P. I. 1956. Sap movement in the water conducting system of trees and interconnections between root-grafted trees (Russian). Bot. Zeitschr.41(3): 407–409. (For. Abstr. 18: 212, 1957.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mustanoja, K. J., andA. L. Leaf. 1965. Forest fertilization research. Bot. Rev.31:(2): 151–246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neeff, F. 1922. Über polares Wachstum von Pflanzenzellen. Jahrb. wiss. Bot.61: 205–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neger, F. W. 1919. Die Krankheiten unserer Waldbäume. Stuttgart, p. 74.

  • Newins, H. S. 1916. The natural root grafting of conifers. Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters11: 394–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niel, M. 1889. Sur un phénomène remarquable de vitalité présenté par des souches de Sapin. Bull. Soc. Bot. France26: 256–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikitin, I. N. 1952. New ideas in silviculture in the light of “Michurinist agrobiology” (Russian). Lesn. Hoz.5(6): 13–18. (For. Abstr. 16: 2952, 1955.)

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1958. New points on the biology of some tree species and stands (Russian). Lesn. Hoz.11(2): 18–20. (For. Abstr. 20: 1456–1959.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, A. J. 1941. A root disease of Jeffrey and ponderosa pine reproduction. Phytopathology31: 1063–1077. (For. Abstr. 3: 340, 1942.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlenko, E. G. 1955. The interactions of oak in dense plantations (Russian). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR102(4): 841–844. (For. Abstr. 17: 369–1956.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Page, F. S. 1927. Living stumps. Jour. For.25(6): 687–690.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pannewitz, J.,et al. 1862. Die Ueberwallung abgeschnittener Nadelholz-Stöcke durch lebende Nährstämme betreffend. Schles. Forstver. Verh., pp. 398–427.

  • Parmeter, J. R., J. E. Kuntz, andA. J. Riker. 1956. Oak wilt development in bur oaks. Phytopathology46(8): 423–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pemberton, C. C. 1920. Living stumps of trees. Amer. Forests26: 614–616.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1921. Overgrowth of stumps of conifers. Canad. Field-Nat.35: 81–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Priestly, J. H. 1930. Studies in cambial activity. New Phytol.29: 316–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pritchett, W. L., andW. K. Robertson. 1960. Problems relating to research in forest fertilization with southern pines. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.24: 510–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pryor, L. D. 1937. Some observations on the roots ofPinus radiata in relation to wind resistance. Australian For.2(2): 37–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahteenko, I. N. 1958. On the transfer of mineral nutrients from one plant to another owing to the interaction between their root systems (Russian). Bot. Zeitschr.43(5): 695–701. (For. Abstr. 20: 1433, 1959.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratzeberg, J. T. C. 1860a. Anfrage ob Ueberwallung abgehauener Tannen und Fichten (Stocküberwallung) auch an ganz isolirten Stämmen, oder nur an verwachsenen vorkommt. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. Verh.2: 69–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1860b. Aufforderung zur ferneren Beobachtung der überwallten Stöcke mit Hinzufügung der Beschreibung einer seltenen, von mir an Kiefern wahrgenommenen Verwachsung. Schles. Forstver. Verh., pp. 130–142.

  • Redmond, D. R. 1957. Infection courts of butt-rotting fungi in balsam fir. For. Sci.3(1): 15–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehder, A. 1911. The Bradley Bibliography. A guide to the literature of the woody plants of the world published before the beginning of the twentieth century. Vol. I(1). Publ. Arnold Arboretum, No. 3.

  • -. 1914. The Bradley Bibliography. Vol.IV. Publ. Arnold Arboretum, No. 3.

  • Rigg, G. B., andE. S. Harrar. 1931. The root systems of trees growing in sphagnum. Amer. Jour. Bot.18(6): 391–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rishbeth, J. 1950. Observations on the hiology ofFames annosus, with particular reference to East Anglian pine plantations. Ann. Bot. (n.s.)14: 365–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1963. Stump protection againstFomes annosus. III. Inoculation withPeniophora gigantea. Ann. Appl. Biol.52: 63–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, W. W., A. S. Crafts, andR. N. Raynor. 1942. Weed Control: A Textbook and Manual. McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romashkin, A. I. 1956. Living stumps. Agrobiologija1956(2): 134–136. (Biol. Abstr. 32(11): 38535, 1958.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubtsov, N. I. 1950. New data on the grafting of root systems of certain forest species (Russian). Agrobiologija6: 57–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safar, J. 1955. Natural root grafting. Its biological and economic significance in some root relations of trees (Croatian). Sum. List79(11/12): 563–578. (For. Abstr. 18: 211, 1957.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Satoo, T. 1964. Natural root grafting and growth of living stumps ofChamaecyparis ohtusa. Tokyo Univ. For., Misc. Inf. 15. August.

  • Saunier, R. E., andR. F. Wagle. 1965. Root grafting inQuercus turbinella Greene. Ecology46(5): 749–750.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schacht, H. 1852. Die Pflanzenzelle, der innere Bau und das Leben der Gewächse. Müller, Berlin, pp. 332–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, R. P. 1962. Occurrence of stump callusing in second-growth Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga mcnziesii (Mirb.) Franco). M.S. Thesis, Sch. Forestry, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheffield, F. M. L. 1952. Studies of the clove tree. IV. Natural grafting and its bearing on sudden-death disease. Ann. Appl. Biol.39: 103–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simunovic, M. 1958. Root grafting inPinus halepensis, P. pinaster andP. pinea (Croatian). Sum. List82(7/9): 268–277. (For. Abstr. 20: 1559, 1959.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorauer, P. 1909. Manual of Plant Diseases. (Transl. by Frances Dorrance 1922). 3rd ed., Vol. 1: 784.

  • Starker, T. J. 1942. Will girdling always kill Douglas fir? Jour. For.40: 658–659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, W. I. 1964. Seedspotting—Revival of an old technique. Proc. West. Reforestation Coord. Comm. (West. For. and Conserv. Assoc.), Spokane, Wash.

  • Stintzel, J. 1843a. Ueber das Ueberwallen der Nadelholz-Stöcke. Allg. Forst-u. Jagdztg.19: 288–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1843b. Interessantes über Holzwachsthum. Allg. Forst-u. Jagdztg.19: 359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout, B. B. 1956. Studies of the root systems of deciduous trees. Harvard For., Black Rock For. Bull. 15.

  • —. 1961. Season influences the amount of backflash in a red pine plantation. Jour. For.59(12): 897–898. (Biol. Abstr. 38(4): 15936, 1961.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Swingle, R. U., R. R. Whitten, andE. G. Brewer. 1949. Dutch elm disease.In: Trees. U. S. Dep. Agr. Yearbook.

  • Tokunaga, S. 1955. Sugi no kyoosei ni tuite (On the connected trees ofCryptomeria japonica) (Japanese). Gizitu Kenkyuu (Tokyo Reg. For. Off., Tech. Rept.) 6, pp. 63–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tumilowicz, J. 1957. The healing over of larch stumps (Polish). Roczn. dendrol. polsk. Tow. bot., Warsz.12: 151–160. (For. Abstr. 20: 1558, 1959.)

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Forest Service, Central States For. Exp. Sta. 1958. Root grafts in oak. Rept. 6–7. (For. Abstr. 20: 4791, 1959.)

  • -, Southeastern For. Exp. Sta. 1957. Oak wilt. Ann. Rept. 1956, pp. 32–33.

  • -, Southeastern For. Exp. Sta. 1958. Oak wilt. Ann. Rept. 1958, p. 50.

  • Vallot, J. 1891. Persistance de la vie chez un Sapin après la rupture de la tige près du sol. Bull. Soc. Bot. France37: 112–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verrall, A. F., andT. W. Graham. 1935. The transmission ofCeratostomella ulmi through root grafts. Phytopathology25: 1039–1040.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wachter, H. 1962. The occurrence of root grafting, particularly inPseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. M.S. Thesis, Sch. Forestry, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagenhoff, A. 1938. de Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung des Wurzelsystems der Kiefer auf diluvialen Sandböden. Zeitschr. Forst-u. Jagdw.70: 449–494. Berlin.

  • Wallis, G. W., andD. C. Buckland. 1955. The effect of trenching on the spread of yellow laminated root rot of Douglas fir. For. Chron.31(4): 356–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, M. D. 1963. Effect of natural root grafting on diameter growth of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). M. F. Thesis, Sch. Forestry, Univ. Washington, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wangenheim. (bei Gotha) 1835. Fortdauer des Holz-Wachsthums an abgehauenen Stöcken der Weiss-Tanne. Ver. Beförd.Gartenb. Preuss. Verh.11: 55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, J. B. 1871. On the growth of the roots of coniferous trees after being felled. Trans. Highl. Agr. Soc. (4th Ser.)3(6): 401–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weir, J. R. 1925. Notes on the parasitism ofEndothia gyrosa (Schw.) Fr. Phytopathology15(6): 489–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wichmann, H. E. 1925. Wurzelverwachsungen und Stockuberwallung bei Abietineen. Zentralbl. ges. Forstw.51(5/6): 250–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods, F.W., andK. Brock. 1964. Interspecific transfer of Ca-45 and P-32 by root systems. Ecology45(4): 886–889.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaroslavtsev, G. D. 1962. Concrescence of the roots of trees in the forest of the Yalta Leskhoz (Russian). Lesn. Hoz.1962(6): 49–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yli-Vakkuri, P. 1953. Tutkimuksia puiden välisistä elimellisistä juuriyhteyksistä männiköissä. (Untersuchungen uber organische Wurzelverbindungen zwischen Bäumen in Kiefernbeständen.) (German summary.) Acta for. Fenn.60(3): 1–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yokota, S. 1956. Observation on the butt rot of Sakhalin fir (Abies sachalinensis) in Tokyo University Forest, Hokkaido, with special reference to infection and propagation of decay. Tokyo Univ. For. Bull.52: 165–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshioka, K. 1937. Epitrophy and natural grafting of roots of trees in peat bogs (Japanese). Ecol. Rev.3(1): 68–72.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Graham, B.F., Bormann, F.H. Natural root grafts. Bot. Rev 32, 255–292 (1966). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858662

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858662

Keywords

Navigation