Abstract
Using principal component and cluster analyses of 20 ear characters for 219 Latin American races and subraces of maize, 14 groups of races are delimited. The relationships among these groups are indicated, and some subdivisions of the 14 racial groups are described. Only two of the 14 groups of races have been widely used in breeding; several groups have only been slightly studied and a number of their component races verge upon extinction. There is a very small, but perhaps highly significant, amount of overlap between the groups to which the Mexican and indigenous South American races belong.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature Cited
Bird, R. Mck. and M. M. Goodman. In press. The races of maize V: Grouping maize races on the basis of ear morphology. Econ. Bot.
Blumenschein, A. 1973. Chromosome knob patterns in Latin American maize.In A. M. Srb (ed.), Genes, enzymes, and populations. Plenum Press, New York.
Brieger, F. G., J. T. A. Gurgel, E. Paterniani, A. Blumenschein, and M. R. Alleoni. 1958. The races of maize in Brazil and other eastern South American countries. Nat. Acad. Sci.-Nat. Research Council Publ. 593. Washington, D.C. 283 pp.
Brown, W. L. 1960. The races of maize in the West Indies. Nat. Acad. Sci.-Nat. Research Council Publ. 792. Washington, D.C. 60 pp.
—, and E. Anderson. 1948. The southern dent corns. Ann. Missouri Botan. Garden 35: 255–268.
Brunson, A. M., and W. Bower. 1931. Pop corn. U.S.D.A. Farmers’ Bull. No. 1679. Washington, D.C. 17 pp.
Committee on Genetic Vulnerability of Major Crops, Agricultural Board, National Research Council. 1972. Genetic vulnerability of major crops. Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, D.C. 307 pp.
Committee on Preservation of Indigenous Strains of Maize. 1954. Collections of original strains of corn, I. Nat. Acad. Sci.-Nat. Research Council. Washington, D.C. 300 pp.
—. 1955. Collections of original strains of corn, II. Nat. Acad. Sci.-Nat. Research Council. Washington, D.C. 298 pp.
Cowgill, G. L. 1970. Some sampling and reliability problems in archaeology. Archéologie et Calculateurs, pp. 161–175. Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.
Dardye, E. de Bourgade. 1892. Paraguay: the land and the people, natural wealth and commercial capabilities. George Philip & Son, London. 243 pp.
Darrah, L. L., S. A. Eberhart, and L. H. Penny. 1972. A maize breeding methods study in Kenya. Crop Science 12:605–608.
Dobrizhoffer, M. 1822. An account of the Abipones, an equestrian people of Paraguay. John Murray, London. Volume 1:425–426.
Galinat, W. C. 1969. The evolution under domestication of the maize ear: String cob maize. Massachusetts Agr. Expt. Station Bull. No. 577, Amherst. 19 pp.
—, and R. G. Campbell. 1967. The diffusion of eight-rowed maize from the Southwest to the Great Plains. Massachusetts Agr. Expt. Station Monograph Series No. 1. Amherst. 16 pp.
Goodman, M. M. 1969. Measuring evolutionary divergence. Japanese J. Genetics 44(Suppl. l):310–316.
—. 1972. Distance analysis in biology. Systematic Zoology 21:174–186.
—, and E. Paterniani. 1969. The races of maize: Choices of appropriate characters for racial classification. Econ. Bot. 23:265–273.
Grant, U. J., W. H. Hatheway, D. H. Timothy, Cassalett D., and L. M. Roberts. 1963. Races of maize in Venezuela. Nat. Acad. Sci.-Nat. Research Council Publ. 1136. Washington, D.C. 92 pp.
Grobman, A., W. Salhuana, and R. Sevilla with P. Mangelsdorf. 1961. Races of maize in Peru. Nat. Acad. Sci.-Nat. Research Council Publ. 915. Washington, D.C. 374 pp.
Hatheway, W. H. 1957. Races of maize in Cuba. Nat. Acad. Sci.-Nat. Research Council Publ. 453. Washington, D.C. 75 pp.
Hernandez X., E., and G. Alanis F. 1970. Estudio morphologico de cinco nuevas razas de maiz de la Sierra Madre Occidental de Mexico: Implicaciones filogeneticas y fitogeograficas. Agrociencia 5:3–30.
Kato, T. A., and A. Blumenschein. 1967. Complejos de nudos cromosómicos en los maíces de América. Fitotecnia Latinoamericana 4(2): 13–24.
Longley, A. E., and T. A. Kato Y. 1965. Chromosome morphology of certain races of maize in Latin America. International Center for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat Research Bull. No. 1. Chapingo, Mexico. 112 pp.
McClintock, B. 1960. Chromosome constitutions of Mexican and Guatemalan races of maize. Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook 59:461–472.
Paterniani, E. 1967. Banco de germoplasma de milho. Racas de milho.In Relatorio Cientifico de 1967, pp. 48, 59–70. Cadeira de Citalogia e Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz,” Piracicaba, S. P., Brazil. 117 pp.
-, and M. M. Goodman. In press. Races of maize in Brazil and adjacent areas. CIMMYT, Mexico City, Mexico.
Ramirez E., R.D. H., Timothy, E. Diaz and U. J. Grant with G. E. Nicholson Anderson, and W. L. Brown. 1960. Races of maize in Bolivia. Nat. Acad. Sci.-Nat. Research Council Publ. 747. Washington, D.C. 159 pp.
Roberts, L. M., U. J. Grant, R. Ramírez E., W. H. Hatheway, and D. L. Smith with P. Mangelsdorf. 1957. Races of maize in Colombia. Nat. Acad. Sci.-Nat. Research Council Publ. 510. Washington, D.C. 153 pp.
Rodriguez, A., M. Romero, J. Quiroga, and G. Avila with A. Brandolini. 1968. Maices Bolivianos. FAO. Rome, Italy. 243 pp.
Rohlf, F. J. 1968. Stereograms in numerical taxonomy. Systematic Zoology 17:246–255.
Sokal, R. R., and P. H. A. Sneath. 1963. Principles of numerical taxonomy. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. 359 pp.
Sprague, G. F. 1971. Genetic vulnerability in corn and sorghum. Proc. Ann. Corn and Sorghum Research Conf. 26:96–104.
Stevenson, J. C., and M. M. Goodman. 1972. Ecology of exotic races of maize. I. Leaf number and tillering of 16 races under four temperatures and two photoperiods. Crop Science 12:864–868.
Timothy, D. H., W. H. Hatheway, U. J. Grant, M. Torregroza, D. Sarria V., and D. Varela A. 1963. Races of maize in Ecuador. Nat. Acad. Sci.-Nat. Research Council Publ. 975. Washington, D.C. 147 pp.
—, B. Peña V., and R. Ramírez E. with W. L. Brown and E. Anderson. 1961. Races of maize in Chile. Nat. Acad. Sci.-Nat. Research Council Publ. 847. Washington, D.C. 84 pp.
Wallace, H. A., and W. L. Brown. 1956. Corn and its early fathers. Michigan State University Press. 134 pp.
Wellhausen, E. J. 1965. Exotic maize germ plasm for improvement of corn belt maize. Hybrid Corn Industry Research Conference Proceedings 20:31–45.
—, A. Fuentes O., and A. Hernández with P. Mangelsdorf. 1957. Races of maize in Central America. Nat. Acad. Sci.-Nat. Research Council Publ. 511. Washington, D.C. 128 pp.
—, L. M. Roberts, and E. Hernandez X. with P. Mangelsdorf. 1952. Races of maize in Mexico. The Bussey Institution of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 223 pp.
Wolf, M. J., H. Cutler, M. S. Zuber, and U. Khoo. 1972. Maize with multilayer aleurone of high protein content. Crop Science 12:440–442.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Paper number 4084 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, North Carolina. This investigation was supported in part by NIH research grant number GM 11546 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Presented at the Symposium on the Origin ofZea mays and its Relatives, Botanical Museum, Harvard University. Received for publication November 26, 1973.
Former N.I.H. Postdoctoral Fellow
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Goodman, M.M., Bird, R.M. The Races of maize iv: tentative grouping of 219 Latin American races. Econ Bot 31, 204–221 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02866591
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02866591