Literature cited
Barnes, R. D. 1953. The ecological distribution of spiders in nonforest maritime communities at Beaufort, North Carolina. Ecol. Monog.23: 315–337.
Beck, J. B. 1819. Observations on salt storms and the influence of salt and saline air upon animal and vegetable life. Am. Jour. Sci.1: 388–397.
Bodle, L. A. 1920. The scorching of foliage by sea winds. Min. Agr. Jour. [Gt. Britain],27: 479–486.
Bowman, H. H. M. 1918. Botanical ecology of the Dry Tortugas. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. 252, Dept. Marine Biol., Paper12(5): 109–138.
Boyce, S. G. 1951a. Source of atmosphere salts. Science113: 620–621.
—————. 1951b. Salt ypertrophy in succulent dune plants. Science114: 544–545.
—————. 1954. The salt spray community. Ecol. Monog.24: 29–67.
Braun, E. Lucy. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America. 596 pp.
Bray, W. L. 1906. Distribution and adaptation of the vegetation of Texas. Univ. Tex., Bull. 82. 108 pp.
Chrysler, M. A. 1904. Anatomical notes on certain strand plants. Bot. Gaz.37: 461–464.
—————. 1905. Reforestation at Woods Hole: a study in succession. Rhodora7: 121–129.
—————. 1910. Ecological plant geography of Maryland; coastal zone; western shore district. Md. Weather Serv., Spec. Publ.3: 149–197.
Coker, W. C. 1905. Observations on the flora of the Isle of Palms, Charleston, S. C. Torreya5: 135–145.
—————. 1918. A visit to Smith Island (North Carolina). Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Jour.34: 150–153.
Davis, J. H. 1940. The ecology and geologic role of mangroves in Florida. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Pub.517: 303–412.
—————. 1942. The ecology of the vegetation and topography of the sand keys of Florida. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ.524: 113–195.
—————. 1943. The natural features of southern Florida. Fla. State Dept. Conserv. (Geol. Surv.), Geol. Bull.25: 1–311.
Doutt, J. K. 1941. Wind pruning and salt spray as factors in ecology. Ecology22: 195–196.
Egler, F. E. 1942. Cheeck list of the ferns and flowering plants of the Seaside State Park, Cape Henry, Virginia. N. Y. State Coll. For., 60 pp. [Mimeo.]
Engels, W. L. 1942. Vertebrate fauna of North Carolina coastal islands. I. Ocracoke Island. Am. Mid. Nat.28: 273–304.
—————. 1952. Vertebrate fauna of North Carolina coastal island. II. Shackleford Banks. Am. Mid. Nat.47: 702–742.
Gooding, E. G. B. 1947. Observations on the sand dunes of Barbados, British West Indies. Jour. Ecol.34: 111–125.
Harper, R. M. 1927. Natural resources of southern Florida. Fla. State Geol. Surv., 18th Ann. Rep. 206 pp.
Harshberger, J. W. 1900. Ecological study of the strand flora of New Jersey. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc.52: 623–671.
—————. 1902. Additional observations on the strand flora of New Jersey. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc.54: 642–669.
—————. 1908. The comparative leaf structure of the sand dune plants of Bermuda. Am. Philos. Soc., Proc.47: 97–110.
—————. 1909. The comparative leaf structure of the strand plants of New Jersey. Am. Philos. Soc., Proc.48: 72–89.
-----. 1911. Phytogeographic survey of North America.
Johnson, A. M. 1900. Notes on the flora of the banks and sounds at Beaufort, North Carolina. Bot. Gaz.30: 405–410.
Johnson, D. W. 1919. Shore processes and shoreline development. 524 pp.
Kearney, T. H. 1900. The plant covering of Ocracoke Island; a study in the ecology of the North Carolina strand vegetation. U. S. Nat. Herb., Contr.5(5): 261–319.
—————. 1901. Report on a botanical survey of the Dismal Swamp Region. U. S. Nat. Herb., Contr.5(6): 321–585.
—————. 1904. Are plants of sea beaches and dunes true halophytes? Bot. Gaz.37: 424–436.
Kurz, H. 1939. The reaction of magnolia, scrub live oak, slash pine, palmetto and other plants to dune activity on the western Florida coast. Fla. Acad. Sci., Proc.1939: 195–203.
—————. 1942. Florida dunes and scrub, vegetation and geology. Fla. Dept. Cons. & Geol., Bull.23: 1–153.
Lewis, I. F. 1917. The vegetation of Shackleford Bank. N. C. Geol. & Econ. Surv., Econ. Pap. 46. 32 pp.
Lloyd, F. E. andS. M. Tracy. 1901. The insular flora of Mississippi and Louisiana. Torrey Bot. Club, Bull.28: 61–101.
Mackaness, F. P. 1942. Bryophytes of the live oak forest. La. Acad. Sci., Proc.6: 48–49.
Marmer, H. A. 1951. Sea level changes along the coast. Shore & Beach19: 22–23.
Martens, J. H. C. 1931. Beaches of Florida. Fla. Geol. Surv., 21st–22nd Rep.: 67–119.
—————. 1935. Beach sands between Charleston, South Carolina, and Miami, Florida. Geol. Soc. Am., Bull.46: 1536–1596.
Millspaugh, C. F. 1907. Flora of the sand keys of Florida. Field Columbian Mus. (Bot. Ser.), Publ.2: 191–245.
Mohr, C. 1901. Plant life in Alabama. U. S. Natl. Herb. Contr.6: 921 pp.
Oosting, H. J. 1945. Tolerance to salt spray of plants of coastal dunes. Ecology26: 85–89.
-----. 1948. The study of plant communities. 389 pp.
————— andW. D. Billings. 1942. Factors effecting vegetational zonation on coastal dunes. Ecology23: 131–142.
Penfound, W. T. 1952. Southern swamps and marshes. Bot. Rev.18: 413–446.
————— andJ. R. Howard. 1940. A phytosociological study of an evergreen oak forest in the vicinity of New Orleans, La. Am. Mid. Nat.23: 165–174.
————— andM. E. O’Neill. 1934. The vegetation of Cat Island, Mississippi. Ecology15: 1–16.
Pessin, L. J. andT. D. Burleigh. 1941. Notes on the forest ecology of Horn Island, Mississippi. Ecology22: 70–78.
Salisbury, E. J. 1934. On the temperatures of sand dunes in relation to the vegetation at Blakeney Point, Norfolk. Norfolk & Norwich Nat. Soc., Trans.13: 333–355.
Salisbury, R. 1805. An account of a storm of salt. Linn. Soc. London, Trans.8: 286–290.
Shaler, N. S. 1895. Beaches and tidal marshes of the Atlantic Coast. Nat. Geogr. Monog.1(5): 137–168.
Shantz, H. L. andR. Zon. 1924. The physical basis of agriculture: Natural vegetation.In Atlas of American Agriculture (Pt. 1, Sec. E.), 29 pp. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Shreve, F. 1910. The ecological plant geography of Maryland; coastal zone; eastern shore district. Md. Weather Serv., Spec. Publ.3: 101–148.
Small, J. K. 1913. Flora of the Florida Keys.
Snow, L. M. 1902. The ecology of the Delaware coast. Bot. Gaz.34: 284–306.
—————. 1913. Progressive and retrogressive changes in the plant association of the Delaware coast. Bot. Gaz.55: 45–55.
Weaver, J. E. andF. E. Clements. 1938. Plant ecology. 601 pp.
Webber, H. J. 1898. Dunes of Florida. Science (N.S.)8: 658–659.
Wells, B. W. 1928 Plant communities of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina and their successional relations. Ecology9: 230–242.
—————. 1939. A new forest climax: the salt spray climax of Smith Island, N. C. Torreey Bot. Club, Bull.66: 629–634.
—————. 1942. Ecological problems of the southeastern United States Coastal Plain. Bot. Rev.8: 533–561.
————— andI. V. Shunk. 1937. Seaside shrubs: wind form vs. spray forms. Science85: 499.
————— and —————. 1938. Salt spray: an important factor in coastal ecology. Torrey Bot. Club, Bull.65: 485–492.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oosting, H.J. Ecological processes and vegetation of the maritime strand in the Southeastern United States. Bot. Rev 20, 226–262 (1954). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872371
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872371