Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Comparison of palladium and platinum in environmental matrices: Palladium pollution by automobile emissions?

  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A new type of automobile catalyst based on an active Pd/Rh-layer is presently being introduced into the European market. Accordingly, in order to establish baseline information, this work attempts to assess the magnitude of Pd emissions by automobile catalysts to date. Thus, a survey is presented on Pd and Pt levels detected in polluted environmental matrices (grass, soil, dust, sludges) as available from the literature. Additionally, Pd data measured by selective preconcentration/GF-AAS-detection in polluted grass, in a time series of sewage sludge ashes back to 1972, in dust, as well as in urban rain are presented. Since the data basis from the literature is partly inconsistent, the possible impact of different analytical attempts on the data is discussed. The relationship between Pt and Pd concentration from most of the results is between 5 and 10 (Pt/Pd). However, relations down to 0.04 are also reported, thus implying anthropogenic Pd input from additional sources.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alt, F.;H.R. Eschnauer;B. Mergler;J. Messerschmidt;G. Tölg (1997): A contribution to the ecology and enology of platinum. Fres. J. Anal. Chem. 357, 1013–1019

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aughtun, M.;M. Lichtenstein;G. Kammerer (1990): Untersuchungen zur allergenen Potenz von Palladium-Legierungen. Dtsch. Zahnärtzl. Z. 45, 480–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Cubelic, M.;R. Pecoroni;J. Schäfer;J.-D. Eckhardt, Z. Berner;D. Stüben (1997): Verteilung verkehrsbedingter Edelmetallemissionen in Böden. UWSF — Z. Umweltchem. Ökotox. 9(5), 249–258

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Fine Olivarius, F.;T. Menné (1992): Contact dermatitis from metallic palladium in patients reacting to palladiumchloride. Contact Dermatitis 27, 71–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Degussa AG (1995): Edelmetall-Taschenbuch. Hüthig publ, Heidelberg, 676 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farago, M. E.;P. Kavanafh;R. Blanks;J. Kelly;G. Katzantzis;I. Thornton;P. R. Simpson;J. M. Cook;S. Parry;G. M. Hall (1996): Platinum metal concentrations in urban road dust and soil in the United Kingdom. Fres. J. Anal. Chem. 354: 660–663

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Funk, W.;V. Damman;G. Donnevert (1992): Qualitätssicherung in der Analytischen Chemie, VCH, Weinheim, New York, Basel, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgieva, M.;B. Pihlar (1997): Determination of palladium by adsorptive stripping voltametry. Fres. J. Anal. Chem. 357, 874–880

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinrich, E.:G. Sträub;K.-L. Kratz (1996): Determination of Pt-group elements (PGE) from catalytic converters in soil by means of docimasy and INAA. Fres. J. Anal. Chem. 354: 883–885

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helmers, E.;N. Mergel;R. Barchet (1994): Platin in Klärschlammasche und an Gräsern. UWSF - Z. Umweltchem. Ökotox. 6(3), 130–134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helmers, E.;G. Wilk;K. Wippler (1995): Lead in the urban environment — studying the strong decline in Germany. Chemosphere 30(1), 89–101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helmers, E. (1996): Elements accompanying platinum emitted from automobile catalysts. Chemosphere 33(3), 405–419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helmers, E. (1997): Platinum emission rate of automobiles with catalytic converters. ESPR — Environ. Sci. & Pollut. Res. 4(2), 100–103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helmers, E.;N. Mergel (1997): Platin in belasteten Gräsern — ein erster Trend aus direkten Umweltmessungen (1992-1995). UWSF - Z. Umweltchem. Ökotox. 9(3), 147–148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill;R.F.;W.J. Mayer (1977): Radiometric determination of Pt and Pd attrition from automotive catalysts. TEEE Transactions on nuclear science 24(6), 2549–2554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, V.F.;M.O. Stallard (1986): Platinum and Palladium in roadside dust. Environ. Sci. Techn. 20(10): 1058–1060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knosp, H. (1995): Edelmetall-Dentallegierungen. Erzmetall 48(4), 240–248

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • König, K.-H.;M. Schuster (1994): Platinum group metals, in Metals in clinical and analytical chemistry (Ed.:H. G. Sciler, A. Sigel, H. Sigel), M. Dekker, New York, 521–530

    Google Scholar 

  • Kümmerer, K. (1997): Die Bedeutung der Zeit. Teil 1: Die Vernachlässigung der Zeit in den Umweltwissenschaften. UWSF - Z. Umweltchem. Ökotox. 9(1), 49–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kümmerer, K.;E. Helmers (1997): Hospital effluents as a source for platinum in the environment. The Sci. Tot. Environ. 193, 179–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laschka, D. (1996): Untersuchungen zur ökotoxikologischen Relevanz von Platin in aquatischen Systemen. Bayer. Landesamt für Wasserwirtschaft, Institut für Wasserforschung, 54 pp

  • Lee, D. S. (1983): Palladium and nickel in northeast Pacific waters. Nature 305, 47–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lottermoser, B.G. (1994): Gold and Platinoids in sewage sludges. Intern. J. Environ. Studies 46, 167–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lüdke, C.;E. Hoffmann;J. Skole;S. Artelt (1996): Particle analysis of car exhaust by ETV-ICP-MS. Fres. J. Anal. Chem. 355: 261–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Lustig, S.;R. Schierl, F. Alt, E. Helmers, K. Kümmerer (1997). Platin: Deposition, Verteilung sowie Bedeutung für den Menschen und sein Nahrungsnetz. UWSF - Z. Umweltchem. Ökotox. 9(3), 149–152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, I.;R. J. Hart;M. Tredoux (1994): Determination of platinum-group elements in South African kimberlites by nickel sulphide fire-assay and neutron activation analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 289, 237–247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Messerschmidt, J.;F. Alt;G. Tölg;J. Angerer;K.H. Schaller (1992): Adsorptive voltametric procedure for the determination of platinum baseline levels in human body fluids. Fres. J. Anal. Chem. 343, 391–394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer, J.; J.-D. Eckhardt, H. Puchelt (1995): Einträge von Platingruppenelementen (PGE) aus KFZ-Abgaskatalysatoren in straßennahe Böden. Texte und Berichte zum Bodenschutz 2/95: Landesanstalt für Umweltschutz Baden-Württemberg

  • Schäfer, J.; H. Puchelt, J.-D. Eckardt (1996): Traffic-ralated noble metal emissions in Southwest Germany. J. of the Goldschmidt Conference abstracts, Vol. 1(1), 536, Cambridge Publications

  • Scheuer, B. (1992): Häufige Kontaktallergene. Akt. Dermatol. 18. 44–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, M.;M. Schwarzer (1996): Selective determination of palladium by on-line column preconcentration and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 328, 1–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzer, M.; M. Schuster (1997): A Comparison of GFAAS, ETA-LAFS, ICP-MS and INAA as detection methods for the selective determination of palladium by on-line column preconcentration. Anal. Chem., in preparation

  • Schwarzer, M.; M. Schuster; R. von Hentig (1997a): Determination of palladium in fuels by automated column preconcentration and instrumental neutron activation analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta, in preparation

  • Schwarzer, M.; M. Schuster; J. Tilch (1997b): Determination of palladium in airborne particulate matter. Fres. J. Anal. Chem., in preparation

  • Tilch, J.;E. Hoffmann (1996): Palladiumbestimmung in Umweltproben mittels elektrolytischer Vorabscheidung und atomspektrometrischer Bestimmung. In:B. Welz (ed.) “CANAS ’95” p. 615–620, Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer GmbH, Überlingen

    Google Scholar 

  • Urban, H.;F. Zereini;B. Skerstupp;M. Tarkian (1995): The determination of platinum group elements (PGE) by nickel-sulfide fire assay. Fres. J. Anal. Chem. 352: 537–543

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wedepohl, K.H. (1995): The composition of the continental crust. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59(7): 1217–1232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wegscheider, W.;M. Zischka (1993): Quality assurance in environmental research: emissions and fate of platinum. Fres. J. Anal. Chem. 346, 525–529

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zereini, F.;Zientek, H. Urban (1993): Konzentration und Verteilung von Platingruppenelementen (PGE) in Böden. UWSF — Z. Umweltchem. Ökotox. 5(3), 130–134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zereini, F.:H. Urban (1994): Platingruppenelemente (PGE) in Schlamm- und Abwasserproben aus Absetzbecken der Autobahnen A8 und A66. In: Geowissenschaften und Umwelt (Ed.J. Mtschullat, G. Müller), Springer-Verlag, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Zereini, F.;F. Alt;Y. Ye, H. Urban (1994): Platingruppenelemente (PGE) im Straßenkehrgut und Straßenstaub. Ber. Dt. MIn. Ges. 1 (Europ. J. Mineralogy 6), 318

    Google Scholar 

  • Zereini, F.;F. Alt;K. Rankenburg;J.-M. Beyer;S. Artelt (1997): Verteilung von PGE in den Umweltkompartimenten Boden, Schlamm, Straßenstaub, Straßenkehrgut und Wasser. UWSF - Z. Umweltchem. Ökotox. 9(4), 193–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemisches Institut im Amt für Umweltschutz, Stafflenbergstr. 81, D-70184, Stuttgart, Germany

    Eckard Helmers

  2. Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747, Garching, Germany

    Michael Schwarzer & Michael Schuster

Authors
  1. Eckard Helmers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael Schwarzer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael Schuster
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eckard Helmers.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Helmers, E., Schwarzer, M. & Schuster, M. Comparison of palladium and platinum in environmental matrices: Palladium pollution by automobile emissions?. Environ. Sci. & Pollut. Res. 5, 44–50 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02986373

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02986373

Keywords

Search

Navigation