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The “inoceramus limpet”Gigantocapulus problematicus (Nagao & Otatume, 1938) in New Zealand (Late Cretaceous Gastropoda or Monoplacophora, Gigantocapulidae n. fam.)

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Abstract

Limpets up to at least 200 mm long occur widely in New Zealand early Haumurian (Campanian) rocks. Three specimens are in life position, attached to articulated specimens ofIsognomon. The limpet has several unique characters — an apparently anterior marginal apex (all gastropod limpets have a central or posterior apex), an enormously thickened apical area, and a tongue-like projection, with a gape at each side, below the margin at the anterior — demonstrating that it belongs inGigantocapulus Hayami & Kanie. The low shape, weak sculpture, and marginal apex indicate that it belongs inG. problematicus (Nagao & Otatume), previously reponed only from Japan and Kamchatka. New Zealand material supports previous interpretations that the apex was anterior, and thatGigantocapulus was an epiparasite or, more probably, a filter feeder living sedentarily on bivalves. The shell is, uniquely, composed of calcite in multiple complex crossed-lamellar layers, very different from the aragonite shell with inner nacreous and outer prismatic layers of both early Palaeozoic and present-day tergomyans. Nevertheless, as the anteriori?) tongue-like projection, thickening and gapes closely resemble those of early Palaeozoic tergomyans, no other limpet-shaped molluscs are known with an anterior apex, and not all modem monoplacophorans are minute (Neopilina reaches at least 40 mm long), a position in Monoplacophora (= Tergomya) remains a possibility. However,G. giganteus (Schmidt) has a subcentral apex and is clearly cyclomyan rather than tergomyan.Gigantocapulus is probably a vanikoroidean gastropod, but could also be a tergomyan, a helcionelloidan, or a member of another, now extinct group of gastropods. Gigantocapulidae n. fam. is proposed.

Kurzfassung

Napfschalen von bis zu 200 mm Länge sind in Neuseeland in Gesteinen des frühen Haumuriums (Campanium) weit verbreitet. Drei Exemplare befinden sich in Lebendstellung, angeheftet an artikulierten Exemplaren vonIsognomon. Die Napfschalen haben mehrere einzigartige Merkmale — einen scheinbar anterioren randlichen Apex (alle Napfschnecken haben einen zentralen oder posterioren Apex), einen kräftig verdickten apikalen Bereich und einen zungenförmigen Vorsprung, mit seitlich klaffenden Öffnungen, unterhalb des Randes an der Vorderseite — die belegen, dass sie zuGigantocapulus Hayami & Kanie gehören. Die flache Form, schwache Skulptur und der randliche Apex zeigen, dass die Schalen zuG. problematicus (Nagao & Otatume) gehören, welcher bisher nur von Japan und Kamtschatka bekannt war. Neuseeländisches Material bekräftigt bisherige Interpretationen, nach denen der Apex vorne liegt und dassGigantocapulus ein Epiparasit oder, wahrscheinlicher, ein Filtrierer war, der sesshaft auf Muscheln lebte. Die Schale besteht, einzigartigerweise, aus mehreren kalzitischen komplexen Kreuzlamellen-Schichten und ist damit sehr verschieden von den aragonitischen Schalen mit innerer Perlmuttschicht und äußerer Prismenschicht, wie sie von frühpaläozoischen und rezenten Tergomya bekannt sind. Dennoch bleibt eine Position innerhalb der Monoplacophora (= Tergomya) möglich, da ein anteriorer(?) zungenartiger Vorsprung, Verdickung und seitliche Öffnungen den frühpaläozoischen Tergomya ähneln und nicht alle modernen Monoplacophoren winzig sind (Neopilina wird mindestens 40 mm lang).Gigantocapulus giganteus (Schmidt) hat jedoch einen subzentralen Apex und ist sicher cyclomyid und nicht tergomyid.Gigantocapulus ist möglicherweise eine vanikoroide Schnecke, könnte aber auch zu den Tergomya, den Helcionelloida oder einer ausgestorbenen Schneckengruppe gehören. Gigan tocapulidae n. fam. wird aufgestellt.

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Beu, A.G. The “inoceramus limpet”Gigantocapulus problematicus (Nagao & Otatume, 1938) in New Zealand (Late Cretaceous Gastropoda or Monoplacophora, Gigantocapulidae n. fam.). Paläontol Z 81, 267–282 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02990177

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