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Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model

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Abstract

The present study describes the development of a short, general measure of experiential avoidance, based on a specific theoretical approach to this process. A theoretically driven iterative exploratory analysis using structural equation modeling on data from a clinical sample yielded a single factor comprising 9 items. A fully confirmatory factor analysis upheld this same 9-item factor in an independent clinical sample. The operational characteristics of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) were then examined in 8 additional samples. All totaled, over 2,400 participants were studied. As expected, higher levels of experiential avoidance were associated with higher levels of general psychopathology, depression, anxiety, a variety of specific fears, trauma, and a lower quality of life. The AAQ related to more specific measures of avoidant coping and to self-deceptive positivity, but the relation to psychopathology could not be fully accounted for by these alternative measures. The data provide some initial support for the model of experiential avoidance based on Relational Frame Theory that is incorporated into Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and provides researchers with a preliminary measure for use in population-based studies on experiential avoidance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology / 296, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0062, USA

    Steven C. Hayes, Richard T. Bissett, Jacqueline Pistorello & Dosheen Toarmino

  2. Mountainview Consulting Group, Moxie, WA, USA

    Kirk Strosahl

  3. University of Mississippi, Oxford, USA

    Kelly G. Wilson

  4. Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, USA

    Melissa A. Polusny

  5. University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, USA

    Melissa A. Polusny

  6. Trinity Services, Lockport, IL, USA

    Thane A. Dykstra

  7. VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, USA

    Sonja V. Batten

  8. Group Health of Puget Sound, Oakland, USA

    John Bergan

  9. Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada

    Sherry H. Stewart

  10. University of Vermont, Burlington, USA

    Michael J. Zvolensky

  11. Chapman University, Orange, USA

    Georg H. Eifert

  12. Goldsmiths College, University of London, London, UK

    Frank W. Bond

  13. University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, USA

    John P. Forsyth & Maria Karekla

  14. University of Washington, Seattle, USA

    Susan M. McCurry

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Preparation of this manuscript was supported in part by grants from the National Institute of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, R01 DA08634 and R01 DA13106.

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Hayes, S.C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K.G. et al. Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. Psychol Rec 54, 553–578 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395492

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