Abstract
High-temperature oxidation of several pure metals and their alloys gives rise to multilayered corrosion scales. This curious morphology has not been the subject of a specific investigation, and its interpretation remains widely open. This paper presents results on titanium foil oxidized in pure oxygen leading to this phenomenon. It analyzes the significant features of the stratification as a function of the main parameters of the reaction kinetics such as temperature, oxygen pressure, oxidation time, and initial thickness of the metallic foil. All the results, including those previously reported, show the importance and the consistency of the studied phenomenon as well as the incapability of providing an unequivocal intepretation at the present time. The analysis of the main results, such as the appearance of a macroscopic order, the existence of boundary limits, and the nonequilibrium state of the structure, shows that a consistent set of data exists to give a meaningful interpretation of multilayered corrosion scales in terms of a nonlinear, far-from-equilibrium organization.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. E. Jenkins,J. Inst. Met. 82, 213 (1953–54).
P. Kofstad, K. Hauffe, and H. Kjöllesdal,Acta. Chem. Scand. 12, 239 (1958).
G. R. Wallwork and A. E. Jenkins,J. Electrochem. Soc. 106, 10 (1959).
J. Stringer,Acta Met. 8, 758 (1960).
T. Hurlen,J. Inst. Met. 89, 128 (1960–61).
E. A. Garcia, X. Lucas, G. Beranger, and P. Lacombe,C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Série C,278, 827 (1974).
E. A. Garcia;Met. Corros. Ind. 638, 319 (1978);639-640, 355 (1978).
R. Feldman, M. Dechamps, and P. Lehr,Met. Corros. Ind. 617, 1 (1977);619, 105 (1977);620, 140 (1977).
M. Feldman and P. Lehr,J. Less-Common Metals,56, 193 (1977).
C. Coddet, doctoral thesis, I.N.P. Grenoble (1977).
P. Lefort, J. Desmaison, and M. Billy,C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Série C,286, 361 (1978).
P. Sarrazin and C. Coddet,Corros. Sci. 14, 83 (1974); C.'Coddet, P. Sarrazin, and J. Besson,J. Less-Common Met. 51, 1 (1977).
R. F. Voitovich, E. I. Golovko, and L. V. D'Yakonova,Zash. Met. 12, 590 (1976).
H. Becker,Z. Metallkde. 72, 679 (1981).
P. Lefort, J. Desmaison, and M. Billy,C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Série C,285, 361 (1977).
P. Lefort, J. Desmaison, and M. Billy,J. Less-Common Met. 60, 11 (1978).
J. Desmaison, P. Lefort, and M. Billy,Oxid. Met. 13, 203 (1979).
P. Sarrazin, F. Motte, J. Besson, and C. Coddet,J. Less-Common Met. 59, 111 (1978).
M. Desmaison, doctoral thesis, Limoges (1981).
R. F. Voitovich, E. I. Golovko, and L. V. D'Yakonova,Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 49, 683 (1975).
J. Stringer,J. Less-Common Met. 16, 55 (1968).
J. A. Roberson and R. A. Rapp,Trans. TMS-AIME,239, 1327 (1967).
Y. Morel, J. P. Larpin, and M. Lambertin,Ann. Chim. Fr. 4, 25 (1979).
J. Lions, J. P. Trottier, and M. Foucalt,Mém. Et. Sci., Rev. Metall., 743 (1980).
R. A. Rapp,Acta Met. 9, 730 (1961).
Y. S. Shen, E. J. Zdanuk, and R. H. Krock,Met. Trans. 2, 2839 (1971).
V. A. Van Rooijen, E. W. Van Royen, J. Vrijen, and S. Radelaar,Acta Met. 23, 987 (1975).
P. Glansdorff and I. Prigogine,Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations (Wiley, New York, 1974); G. Nicolis and I. Prigogine,Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems (Wiley, New York, 1977).
G. Bertrand, J. M. Chaix, and J. P. Larpin,Mat. Res. Bull. 17, 69 (1982).
C. Béranger and C. Coddet,J. Microscop. Spectrosc. Electron. 5, 793 (1980).
F. R. A. Jorgensen and F. J. Moyle,Met. Trans. B,12B, 769 (1981).
P. Kofstad, P. B. Anderson, and O. J. Krudtaa,J. Less-Common Met. 3, 89 (1961).
C. Coddet, J. F. Chretien, and C. Beranger,C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Série C,282, 815 (1976).
G. Romeo, W. W. Smeltzer, and J. S. Kirkaldy,Chim. l'Industria,54, 28 (1972);J. Electrochem. Soc. 118, 1336 (1971); B. D. Lichter and C. Wagner,J. Electrochem. Soc. 107, 168 (1960); J. S. Kirkaldy, G. M. Bolze, C. Mccutcheow, and D. J. Young,Met. Trans. 4, 1519 (1973); J. Benard,L'Oxydation des Métaux (Gauthier Villars, Paris, 1962); G. J. Yurek, J. P. Hirth, and R. A. Rapp,Oxid. Met. 8, 265 (1974); A. T. Fromhold Jr.,J. Chem. Phys. 74, 6525 (1981).
J. M. Chaix, M. Hennenberg, and G. Bertrand,J. Chim. Phys. 79, 781, 791 (1982).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bertrand, G., Jarraya, K. & Chaix, J.M. Morphology of oxide scales formed on titanium. Oxid Met 21, 1–19 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00659464
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00659464