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On diagenesis, dolomitisation and mineralisation in the Irish Zn-Pb orefield

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Abstract

Marine calcite cementation and lithification of Carboniferous carbonate sediments hosting Zn-Pb mineralisation in the Irish orefield occurred at or near the seafloor. A relatively early, fine-grained, grey replacive dolomite, preferentially developed in micrite, is widely developed in the Waulsortian Limestone Formation, the main host to mineralisation, and is pervasive in the southeastern Midlands in proximity to the Leinster Massif. This dolomite formed after the first four main stages of calcite cementation but probably also developed within tens of metres of the seafloor as evidenced by incorporation of clasts of dolomite in intraformational sedimentary breccias. Later, coarse-grained white dolomite preferentially replaced coarser components of the Waulsortian Limestone and infilled residual vuggy porosity. Whilst some of this coarse dolomite may be related to the fine replacive dolomite event, a common spatial association with fault zones, coupled with primary fluid inclusion data, suggest that a significant proportion of this phase precipitated during the onset of fault-controlled subsidence and widespread hydrothermal circulation within the Irish Midlands area. Fluids up to ~250 °C and 10–15 wt% NaCl equivalent, sourced from a Lower Palaeozoic basement-equilibrated fluid reservoir, infiltrated the carbonate sequence via faults and fractures. The more localised development of dolomite-cemented breccias (white matrix breccias) that are frequently associated spatially with mineralisation was a consequence of the increased focusing of these hydrothermal fluids. Ore formation was broadly synchronous with development of the white dolomite breccias but only happened where mixing occurred between the hydrothermal ore-fluids and localised, near-surface reservoirs of low-temperature, H2S-rich brine. In the Waulsortian, this process led to the precipitation of a distinctive black dolomite that forms a broad halo to massive sulphides. Although ore-stage sulphides postdate significant diagenesis of the host rocks, and often display "epigenetic" textures, the fact that much of the cementation occurred soon after carbonate deposition means that mineralisation does not have to have formed after significant burial. In fact, the occurrence of clasts of hydrothermal dolomite and sulphides in intraformational debris-flow breccias is only consistent with mineralising processes occurring in the near-seafloor environment, relatively soon after host-rock deposition. The regional development of a distinctive pink dolomite associated with faults and fractures was a post-ore event, and is considered to mark a regional brine migration linked to the onset of the Variscan orogeny. The development of this new tectonic and flow regime may have been responsible for the cessation of economic mineralisation in Ireland.

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Acknowledgements

The opinions expressed in this paper are those held by the author but which stem, in no small part, from numerous more or less formal discussions with many geologists with intimate knowledge of Irish geology and mineralisation. In particular I would like to thank John Ashton, Barry Balding, Mike Boland, Andy Bowden, Adrian Boyce, Mark Cruise, Eilibhn Doyle, John Elmes, Kate Everett, Sally Eyre, Tony Fallick, Leo Fusciardi, Sarah Gleeson, Jay Gregg, John Guven, Keith Henderson, Mark Holdstock, John Kelly, Mike Lee, Mike Lowther, Stuart Mills, Billy O'Keeffe, Mike Russell, Liz Shearley, Kevin Shelton and the inimitable Garth Earls. I am grateful to CSA Ltd., Glencar Mining plc and Anglo Base Metals Ireland for access to exploration drillcore and permission to publish fluid inclusion results.

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  1. Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London , SW7 2AZ, UK

    Jamie J. Wilkinson

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Wilkinson, J.J. On diagenesis, dolomitisation and mineralisation in the Irish Zn-Pb orefield. Miner Deposita 38, 968–983 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-003-0387-7

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