Abstract
We develop a theory of invariant manifolds for the steady Boltzmann equation and apply it to the study of boundary layers and nonlinear waves. The steady Boltzmann equation is an infinite dimensional differential equation, so the standard center manifold theory for differential equations based on spectral information does not apply here. Instead, we employ a time-asymptotic approach using the pointwise information of Green’s function for the construction of the linear invariant manifolds. At the resonance cases when the Mach number at the far field is around one of the critical values of −1, 0 or 1, the truly nonlinear theory arises. In such a case, there are wave patterns combining the fast decaying Knudsen-type and slow varying fluid-like waves. The key Knudsen manifolds consisting of only Knudsentype layers are constructed through delicate analysis of identifying the singular behavior around the critical Mach numbers. Around Mach number ± 1, the fluidlike waves are compressive and expansive waves; and around the Mach number 0, they are linear thermal layers. The quantitative analysis of the fluid-like waves is done using the reduction of dimensions to the center manifolds.Two-scale nonlinear dynamics based on those on the Knudsen and center manifolds are formulated for the study of the global dynamics of the combined wave patterns. There are striking bifurcations in the transition of evaporation to condensation and in the transition of the Milne’s problem with a subsonic far field to one with a supersonic far field. The analysis of these wave patterns allows us to understand the Sone Diagram for the study of the complete condensation boundary value problem. The monotonicity of the Boltzmann shock profiles, a problem that initially motivated the present study, is shown as a consequence of the quantitative analysis of the nonlinear fluid-like waves.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bardos C., Caflisch R.E., Nicolaenko B.: The Milne and Kramers problems for the Boltzmann equation of a hard sphere gas. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 49, 323–352 (1986)
Bhatnagar P.L., Gross E.P., Krook M.: A model for collision processes in gases. I. Small amplitude processes in charged and neutral one-component systems. Phys. Rev. 94, 511–525 (1954)
Boltzmann, L.: Vorlesungen über Gastheorie, 2 Vols., Barth, Leipzig, 1896–1898. English translation by Bush, S.G.: Lectures on Gas Theory. University of California Press, California, 1964
Caflisch R.E., Nicolaenko B.: Shock profile solutions of the Boltzmann equation. Commun. Math. Phys. 86, 161–194 (1982)
Carleman T.: Sur La Théorie de l’Équation Intégrodifférentielle de Boltzmann. Acta Math. 60, 91–142 (1933)
Carleman, T.: Problémes mathématiques dans la théorie cinétique des gaz. (French) Publ. Sci. Inst. Mittag-Leffler. 2 Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri Ab, Uppsala, 1957
Cercignani, C., Illner, R., Pulvirenti, M.: The mathematical Theory of Dilute Gases. Applied Mathematical Sciences, vol. 106. Springer, New York, 1994
Sone Y.: Molecular Gas Dynamics: Theory, Techniques, and Applications. Birkhäuser, Boston (2007)
Dafermos, C.M.: Hyperbolic Conservation Laws in Continuum Physics, 2nd edn. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. 325. Springer, Berlin, 2005
CoronF.; Golse F., Sulem C.: A classification of well-posed kinetic layer problems. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 41, 409–435 (1988)
Golse F: Analysis of the boundary layer equation in the kinetic theory of gases. Bull. Inst. Math. Acad. Sin. (N.S.) 3, 211–242 (2008)
Golse F., Poupaud F.: Steady solutions of the linearized Boltzmann equation in a half-space. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 11, 483–502 (1989)
Grad, H.: Asymptotic theory of the Boltzmann equation. In: Laurmann, J.A. (ed.) Rarefied Gas Dynamics, vol. 1, pp. 26–59. Academic Press, New York, 1963
Grad H.: Asymptotic theory of the Boltzmann equation. Phys Fluids 6, 147–181 (1963)
Grad, H.: Singular and nonuniform limits of solutions of the Boltzmann equation. Transport Theory (Proc. Sympos. Appl. Math., New York, 1967), SIAM-AMS Proc., vol. I, pp. 269–308. American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1969
Kuo H.-W., Liu T.-P., Noh S.-E.: Mixture lemma. Bull. Inst. Math. Acad. Sin. (N.S.) 5, 1–10 (2010)
Lax P.D.: Hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. II. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 10, 537–566 (1957)
Liu T.-P.: Pointwise convergence to shock waves for viscous conservation laws. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 50, 1113–1182 (1997)
Liu T.-P., Yu S.-H.: Propagation of a steady shock layer in the presence of a boundary. Arch Ration. Mech. Anal. 139(1), 57–82 (1997)
Liu T.-P., Yu S.-H.: Boltzmann equation: micro–macro decompositions and positivity of shock profiles. Commun Math. Phys. 246, 133–179 (2004)
Liu T.-P., Yu S.-H.: The Green’s function and large-time behavior of solutions for one-dimensional Boltzmann equation. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 57, 1543–1608 (2004)
Liu T.-P., Yu S.-H.: Green’s function of Boltzmann equation, 3-D waves,. Bull Inst. Math. Acad. Sin. (N.S.) 1, 1–78 (2006)
Liu T.-P., Yu S.-H.: Initial-boundary value problem for one-dimensional wave solutions of the Boltzmann equation. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 60, 295–356 (2007)
Liu T.-P., Yu S.-H.: Solving the Boltzmann equation, Part I: Green’s function. Bull. Inst. Math. Acad. Sin. (N.S.) 6, 115–243 (2006)
Sone Y.: Kinetic theory analysis of linearized Rayleigh problem. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 19, 1463–1473 (1964)
Sone Y.: Effect of sudden change of wall temperature in a rarefied gas. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 20, 222–229 (1965)
Sone Y.: Thermal creep in rarefied gas. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 21, 1836–1837 (1966)
Sone, Y.: Asymptotic theory of flow of rarefied gas over a smooth boundary I. In: Trilling, L., Wachman, H.Y. (eds.) Rarefied Gas Dynamics, vol. I, pp. 243–253. Academic Press, New York, 1969
Sone, Y.: Asymptotic theory of flow of rarefied gas over a smooth boundary II. In: Dini, D. (ed.) Rarefied Gas Dynamics, vol. II, pp. 737–749. Editrice Tecnico Scientifica, Pisa, 1971
Sone Y.: Kinetic theory of evaporation and condensation Linear and nonlinear problems. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 45, 315–320 (1978)
Sone Y.: Kinetic theoretical studies of the half-space problem of evaporation and condensation. Transp. Theory Stat. Phys. 29, 227–260 (2000)
Sone Y., Onishi Y.: Kinetic theory of evaporation and condensation: Hydrodynamic equation and slip boundary condition. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 44, 1981–1994 (1978)
Sone, Y., Aoki, K, Yamashita, K.: A study of unsteady strong condensation on a plane condensed phase with special interest in formation of steady profile. In: Boffi, V., Cercignani, C. (eds.) Rarefied Gas Dynamics, vol. II, pp. 323–333. Teubner, Stuttgart, 1986
Sone Y., Golse F., Ohwada T., Doi T.: Analytical study of transonic flows of a gas condensing onto its plane condensed phase on the basis of kinetic theory. Eur J. Mech. B/Fluids 17, 277–306 (1998)
Sone, Y.: Kinetic Theory and Fluid Dynamics. Birkhäuser, Boston, 2002
Sone, Y.: Molecular Gas Dynamics: Theory, Techniques, and Applications. Birkhäuser, Boston, 2007
Tsai L.-C.: Viscous shock propagation with boundary effect. Bull. Inst. Math. Acad. Sin. (N.S.) 6, 1–26 (2011)
Ukai S., Yang T., Yu S.-H.: Nonlinear boundary layers of the Boltzmann equation: I. Existence. Commun. Math. Phys. 236, 373–393 (2003)
Welander P.: On the temperature jump in a rarefied gas. Ark. Fys. 7, 507–553 (1954)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by The Editors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, TP., Yu, SH. Invariant Manifolds for Steady Boltzmann Flows and Applications. Arch Rational Mech Anal 209, 869–997 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00205-013-0640-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00205-013-0640-x