Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for biosensing

  • Review
  • Published:
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review introduces the basic concepts and terms associated with impedance and techniques of measuring impedance. The focus of this review is on the application of this transduction method for sensing purposes. Examples of its use in combination with enzymes, antibodies, DNA and with cells will be described. Important fields of application include immune and nucleic acid analysis. Special attention is devoted to the various electrode design and amplification schemes developed for sensitivity enhancement. Electrolyte insulator semiconductor (EIS) structures will be treated separately.

An alternating current which is forced to pass an interface is sensitive to surface changes and will detect impedance changes due to biomolecule immobilisation or formation of a recognition complex. This can be used for the construction of biosensor electrodes

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5a–b

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Macdonald JR (1987) Impedance spectroscopy. Wiley, New York

  2. Rubinstein I (1995) Physical electrochemistry. Marcel Dekker, New York

  3. Krause S (2003) Encyclopedia of electrochemistry, vol 3: instrumentation and electroanal chem. Wiley VCH, Weinheim

  4. Krommenhoek EE, Gardeniers JGE, Bomer JG, van den Berg A, Li X, Ottens M, van der Wielen LAM, van Dedem GWK, van Leeuwen M, van Gulik WM, Heijnen JJ (2006) Sens Actuators B 115:384

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cheung K, Gawad S, Renaud P (2005) Cytometry Part A 65A:124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Moritz W, Szeponik J, Lisdat F, Friebe A, Krause S, Hintsche R, Scheller F (1992) Sens Actuators B 7:497

    Google Scholar 

  7. Friebe A, Lisdat F, Moritz W (1993) Sens Mater 5:65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Katz E, Willner I (2003) Electroanalysis 15:913

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Guan JG, Miao YQ, Zhang QJ (2004) J Biosci Bioeng 97:219

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Daniels JS, Pourmand N (2007) Electroanalysis 19:1239

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Berggren C, Bjarnason B, Johansson G (2001) Electroanalysis 13:173

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Saby C, Jaffrezicrenault N, Martelet C, Colin B, Charles MH, Delair T, Mandrand B (1993) Sens Actuators B 16:458

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bart M, Stigter ECA, Stapert HR, de Jong GJ, van Bennekom WP (2005) Biosens Bioelectron 21:49

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Rickert R, Gopel W, Beck W, Jung G, Heiduschka P (1996) Biosens Bioelectron 11:757

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bain CD, Troughton EB, Tao YT, Evall J, Whitesides GM, Nuzzo RG (1989) J Am Chem Soc 111:321

    Google Scholar 

  16. Anderson JL, Bowden EF, Pickup PG (1996) Anal Chem 68:R379

    Google Scholar 

  17. Mirsky VM, Riepl M, Wolfbeis OS (1997) Biosens Bioelectron 12:977

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Wink T, Zuilen SJ, Bult A, van Bennekom WP (1997) Analyst 122:R43

    Google Scholar 

  19. Prodromidis MI, Hirsch T, Mirsky VM, Wolfbeis OS (2003) Electroanalysis 15:1795

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Mirsky VM (2002) Trends Anal Chem 21:439

    Google Scholar 

  21. Barraud A, Perrot H, Billard V, Martelet C, Therasse J (1993) Biosens Bioelectron 8:39

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang LG, Li YH, Tien HT (1995) Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 36(2):145

    Google Scholar 

  23. Cassier T, Lowack K, Decher G (1998) Supramol Sci 5:309

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Calvo EJ, Battaglini F, Danilowicz C, Wolosiuk A, Otero M (2000) Faraday Discuss 47:75

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ye JS, Ottova A, Tien HT, Sheu FS (2003) Bioelectrochemistry 59:65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Jeuken LJC, Connell SD, Henderson PJF, Gennis RB, Evans SD, Bushby RJ (2006) J Am Chem Soc 128:1711

    Google Scholar 

  27. Balkenhohl T, Lisdat F (2007) Anal Chim Acta 597:50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ge B, Meyer T, Schöning MJ, Wollenberger U, Lisdat F (2000) Electrochem Commun 2:557

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Tura A, Sbrignadello S, Barison S, Conti S, Pacini G (2007) Biophys Chem 129:235

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Taira H, Nakano K, Maeda M, Takagi M (1993) Anal Sci 9:199

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Berggren C, Bjarnason B, Johansson G (1998) Biosens Bioelectron 13:1061

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bataillard P, Gardies F, Jaffrezicrenault N, Martelet C, Colin B, Mandrand B (1988) Anal Chem 60:2374

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Berggren C, Johansson G (1997) Anal Chem 69:3651

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hedstrom M, Galaev IY, Mattiasson B (2005) Biosens Bioelectron 21:41

    Google Scholar 

  35. Maupas H, Soldatkin AP, Martelet C, Jaffrezicrenault N, Mandrand B (1997) J Electroanal Chem 421:165

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hou YX, Tlili C, Faffrezic-Renault N, Zhang AD, Martelet C, Ponsonnet L, Errachid A, Samitier J, Bausells J (2004) Biosens Bioelectron 20:1126

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Pan J (2007) Sens Actuators B 125:517

    Google Scholar 

  38. Dijksma M, Kamp B, Hoogvliet JC, van Bennekom WP (2001) Anal Chem 73:901

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Hleli S, Martelet C, Abdelghani A, Burais N, Jaffrezic-Renault N (2006) Sens Actuators B 113:711

    Google Scholar 

  40. Jie M, Ming CY, Jing D, Cheng LS, Na LH, Jun F, Xiang CY (1999) Electrochem Commun 1:425

    Google Scholar 

  41. Pak SC, Penrose W, Hesketh PJ (2001) Biosens Bioelectron 16:371

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hou YX, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Martelet C, Zhang AD, Minic-Vidic J, Gorojankina T, Persuy MA, Pajot-Augy E, Salesse R, Akimov V, Reggiani L, Penetta C, Alfinito E, Ruiz O, Gomilla G, Samitier J, Errachid A (2007) Biosens Bioelectron 22:1550

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sargent A, Loi T, Gal S, Sadik OA (1999) J Electroanal Chem 470:144

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ouerghi O, Senillou A, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Martelet C, Ben Ouada H, Cosnier S (2001) J Electroanal Chem 501:62

    Google Scholar 

  45. Ouerghi O, Touhami A, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Martelet C, Ben Ouada H, Cosnier S (2002) Bioelectrochemistry 56:131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ouerghi C, Touhami A, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Martelet C, Ben Ouada H, Cosnier S (2004) IEEE Sens J 4:559

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Woodhouse GE, King LG, Wieczorek L, Cornell BA (1998) Faraday Discuss 111:247

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Cornell BA, Braach-Maksvytis VLB, King LG, Osman PDJ, Raguse B, Wieczorek L, Pace RJ (1997) Nature 387:580

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hason S, Dvorak J, Jelen F, Vetterl V (2002) Talanta 56:905

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Strasak L, Dvorak J, Hason S, Vetterl V (2002) Bioelectrochemistry 56:37

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Drummond TG, Hill MG, Barton JK (2003) Nat Biotechnol 21:1192

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kelley SO, Boon EM, Barton JK, Jackson NM, Hill MG (1999) Nucleic Acids Res 27:4830

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Fojta M, Havran L, Billova S, Kostecka P, Masarik M, Kizek R (2003) Electroanalysis 15:431

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Hashimoto K, Ito K, Ishimori Y (1994) Anal Chim Acta 286:219

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Pänke O, Kirbs A, Lisdat F (2007) Biosens Bioelectron 22:2656

    Google Scholar 

  56. Zhao YD, Pang DW, Hu S, Wang ZL, Cheng JK, Qi YP, Dai HP, Mao BW, Tian ZQ, Luo J, Lin ZH (1999) Anal Chim Acta 388:93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Park JW, Jung HS, Lee HY, Kawai T (2005) Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 10:505

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kafka J, Pänke O, Abendroth B, Lisdat F (2008) Electrochim Acta DOI 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.01.031

  59. Xu Y, Yang L, Ye XY, He PG, Fang YZ (2006) Electroanalysis 18:873

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Li AX, Yang F, Ma Y, Yang XR (2007) Biosens Bioelectron 22:1716

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Davis F, Hughes MA, Cossins AR, Higson SPJ (2007) Anal Chem 79:1153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Liu JY, Tian SJ, Nielsen PE, Knoll W (2005) Chem Commun 23:2969

    Google Scholar 

  63. Ma KS, Zhou H, Zoval J, Madou M (2006) Sens Actuators B 114:58

    Google Scholar 

  64. Cho M, Lee S, Han SY, Park JY, Rahman MA, Shim YB, Ban C (2006) Nucleic Acids Res 34:75

    Google Scholar 

  65. Akagi Y, Makimura M, Yokoyama Y, Fukazawa M, Fujiki S, Kadosaki M, Tanino K (2006) Electrochim Acta 51:6367

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Long YT, Li CZ, Kraatz HB, Lee JS (2003) Biophys J 84:3218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Korri-Youssoufi H, Garnier F, Srivtava P, Godillot P, Yassar A (1997) J Am Chem Soc 119:7388

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Li CM, Sun CQ, Song S, Choong VE, Maracas G, Zhang XJ (2005) Front Biosci 10:180

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Wang J, Jiang M, Fortes A, Mukherjee B (1999) Anal Chim Acta 402:7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Xiao YH, Li CM, Liu YS (2007) Biosens Bioelectron 22:3161

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Peng H, Soeller C, Travas-Sejdic J (2007) Macromolecules 40:909

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Li CM, Sun CQ, Song S, Choong VE, Maracas G, Zhang XJ (2005) Front Biosci 10:180

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Piro B, Haccoun J, Pham MC, Tran LD, Rubin A, Perrot H, Gabrielli C (2005) J Electroanal Chem 577:155

    Google Scholar 

  74. Gautier C, Cougnon C, Pilard JF, Casse N (2006) J Electroanal Chem 587:276

    Google Scholar 

  75. Shrestha S, Yeung CMY, Mills CE, Lewington J, Tsang SC (2007) Angew Chem 46:3855

  76. Yan F, Sadik OA (2001) Anal Chem 73:5272

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Li CZ, Liu YL, Luong JHT (2005) Anal Chem 77:478

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Li CZ, Long YT, Lee JS, Kraatz HB (2004) Chem Commun 5:574

    Google Scholar 

  79. Xu DK, Xu DW, Yu XB, Liu ZH, He W, Ma ZQ (2005) Anal Chem 77(16):5107–5113

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Radi AE, Sanchez JLA, Baldrich E, O’Sullivan CK (2006) J Am Chem Soc 128(1):117–124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Cai H, Lee TMH, Hsing IM (2006) Sens Actuators B 114:433

    Google Scholar 

  82. Rodriguez MC, Kawde AN, Wang J (2005) Chem Commun 34:4267

    Google Scholar 

  83. Zayats M, Huang Y, Gill R, Ma Ch, Willner I (2006) J Am Chem Soc 128:13666

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Liu XY, Li CY, Wang CF, Li T, Hu SS (2006) J Appl Polym Sci 101:2222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Hayden O, Lieberzeit PA, Blaas D, Dickert FL (2006) Adv Funct Mater 16:1269

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Dickert FL, Hayden O, Lieberzeit PA, Haderspoeck C, Bindeus R, Palfinger C, Wirl B (2003) Synth Met 138:65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Shervedani RK, Mehrjardi AH, Zamiri N (2006) Bioelectrochemistry 69:201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. McNeil CJ, Athey D, Ball M, Ho WO, Krause S, Armstrong RD, Wright JD, Rawson K (1995) Anal Chem 67:3928

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Cortina M, Esplandiu MJ, Alegret S, del Valle M (2006) Sens Actuators B 118:84

    Google Scholar 

  90. Gooding JJ, Hall EA (1996) Biosens Bioelectron 11:1031

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Sumner C, Krause S, Sabot A, Turner K, McNeil CJ (2001) Biosens Bioelectron 16:709

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Cornell BA, Braach-Maksvytis VLB, King LG, Osman PDJ, Raguse B, Wieczorek L, Pace RJ (1997) Nature 387:580

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Naumann R, Schmidt EK, Jonczyk A, Fendler K, Kadenbach B, Liebermann T, Offenhausser A, Knoll W (1999) Biosens Bioelectron 14:651

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Schasfoort RBM, Niedziela T (1994) Sens Actuators B 18:175

    Google Scholar 

  95. Tong YH, Han XJ, Song YH, Jiang JG, Wang EK (2003) Biophys Chem 105:1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Wilkop T, Xu DK, Cheng Q (2007) Langmuir 23:1403

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Tripathi A, Wang J, Luck LA, Suni II (2007) Anal Chem 79:1266

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Hug TS (2003) Assay Drug Dev Technol 1:479

    Google Scholar 

  99. Yotter RA, Wilson DM (2004) IEEE Sens J 4:412

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Yeon JH, Park JK (2005) Anal Biochem 341:308

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Xiao C, Luong JHT (2003) Biotechnol Prog 19:1000

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. K’Owino IO, Sadik OA (2005) Electroanalysis 17:2101

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Kyle AH, Chan CTO, Minchinton AI (1999) Biophys J 76:2640

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Cho SB, Thielecke H (2007) Biosens Bioelectron 22:1764

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Yin HY, Wang FL, Wang AL, Cheng J, Zhou YX (2007) Anal Lett 40:85

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Silley P, Forsythe S (1996) J Appl Bacteriol 80:233

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Jonsson M, Welch K, Hamp S, Stromme M (2006) J Phys Chem 110:10165

    Google Scholar 

  108. Yang LJ, Li YB (2006) J Microbiol Methods 64:9

    Google Scholar 

  109. Maalouf R, Fournier-Wirth C, Coste J, Chebib H, Saikali Y, Vittori O, Errachid A, Cloarec JP, Martelet C, Jaffrezic-Renault N (2007) Anal Chem 79:4879

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Jonsson M, Welch K, Hamp S, Stromme M (2006) J Phys Chem B 110:10165

    Google Scholar 

  111. Cheng X, Liu YS, Irima D, Demirci U, Yang LJ, Zamir L, Rodriguez WR, Toner M, Bashir R (2007) Lab Chip 7:746

  112. Gervals L, Gel M, Allain B, Tolba M, Brovko L, Zourob M, Mandeville R, Griffiths M, Evoy S (2007) Sens Actuators B 125:615

    Google Scholar 

  113. Ding L, Du D, Wu H, Ju HX (2007) Electrochem Commun 9:953

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Hao C, Yan F, Ding L, Xue YD, Ju HX (2007) Electrochem Commun 9:1359

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Bresler HS, Lenkevich MJ, Murdock JF, Newman AL, Roblin RO (1992) In: Mathewson PR, Finley JW (eds) Biosensor design and application. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC

  116. Patolsky F, Katz E, Bardea A, Willner I (1999) Langmuir 15:3703

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Bardea A, Katz E, Willner I (2000) Electroanalysis 12:1097

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Alfonta L, Bardea A, Khersonsky O, Katz E, Willner I (2001) Biosens Bioelectron 16:675

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Katz E, Alfonta L, Willner I (2001) Sens Actuators B 76:134

    Google Scholar 

  120. Alfonta L, Singh AK, Willner I (2001) Anal Chem 73:91

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Yoon HC, Yang HS, Kim YT (2002) Analyst 127:1082

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Balkenhohl T, Lisdat F (2007) Analyst 132:314

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Yu XB, Lv R, Ma ZQ, Liu ZH, Hao YH, Li QZ, Xu DK (2006) Analyst 131:745

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Bardea A, Patolsky F, Dagan A, Willner I (1999) Chem Commun 1:21

    Google Scholar 

  125. Ma KS, Zhou H, Zoval J, Madou M (2006) Sens Actuators B 114:58

    Google Scholar 

  126. Patolsky F, Lichtenstein A, Kotler M, Willner I (2001) Angew Chem Int Ed 40:2261

    Google Scholar 

  127. Patolsky F, Lichtenstein A, Willner I (2001) Nat Biotechnol 19:253

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Ruan CM, Yang LJ, Li YB (2002) Anal Chem 74:4814

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Xu Y, Cai H, He PG, Fang YZ (2004) Electroanalysis 16:150

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Peng H, Soeller C, Cannell MB, Bowmaker GA, Cooney RP, Travas-Sejdic J (2006) Biosens Bioelectron 21:1727

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Li CZ, Liu YL, Luong JHT (2005) Anal Chem 77:478

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Zhang S, Huang F, Liu BH, Ding JJ, Xu X, Kong JL (2007) Talanta 71:874

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Fu YZ, Yuan R, Xu L, Chai YQ, Zhong X, Tang DP (2005) Biochem Eng J 23:37

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Huang Hz, Ran PX, Liu ZG (2007) Bioelectrochemistry 70:257

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Yin TJ, Wei WZ, Yang L, Gao XH, Gao YP (2006) Sens Actuators B 117:286

    Google Scholar 

  136. Xu Y, Ye XY, Yang L, He PA, Fang YZ (2006) Electroanalysis 18:1471

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Chen H, Jiang JH, Huang Y, Deng T, Li JS, Shen GL, Yu RQ (2006) Sens Actuators B 117:211

    Google Scholar 

  138. Wang JB, Profitt JA, Pugia MJ, Suni II (2006) Anal Chem 78:1769

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Peng H, Soeller C, Cannell MB, Bowmaker GA, Cooney RP, Travas-Sejdic J (2006) Biosens Bioelectron 21:1727

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Patolsky F, Lichtenstein A, Willner I (2001) J Am Chem Soc 123:5194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Patolsky F, Lichtenstein A, Willner I (2000) Angew Chem Int Ed 39:940

    Google Scholar 

  142. Pei RJ, Cheng ZL, Wang EK, Yang XR (2001) Biosens Bioelectron 16:355

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. van Gerwen P, Laureyn W, Laureys W, Huyberechts G, de Beeck MO, Baert K, Suls J, Sansen W, Jacobs P, Hermans L, Mertens R (1998) Sens Actuators B 49:73

    Google Scholar 

  144. Laureyn W, Nelis D, van Gerwen P, Baert K, Hermans L, Magnee R, Pireaux JJ, Maes G (2000) Sens Actuators B 68:360

    Google Scholar 

  145. Gheorghe M, Guiseppi-Elie A (2003) Biosens Bioelectron 19:95

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Dharuman V, Grunwald I, Nebling E, Albers J, Blohm L, Hintsche R (2005) Biosens Bioelectron 21:645

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Montelius L, Tegenfeldt JO, Ling TGI (1995) J Vac Sci Technol A 13:1755

    Google Scholar 

  148. van Gerwen P, Laureyn W, Laureys W, Huyberechts G, De Beeck M, Baert K, Suls J, Sansen W, Jacobs P, Hermans L, Mertens R (1998) Sens Actuators B 49:73

    Google Scholar 

  149. Taylor RF, Marenchic IG, Spencer RH (1991) Anal Chim Acta 249:67

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Paeschke M, Buchmann LM, Seitz, Hintsche R (1996) In: Reichl H, Heuberger A (eds) Microsystem technologies. VDE-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main

  151. Zou ZW, Kai JH, Rust MJ, Han J, Ahn CH (2007) Sens Actuators A 136:518

    Google Scholar 

  152. Hang TC, Elie AG (2004) Biosens Bioelectron 19:1537

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Berdat D, Marin A, Herrera F, Gijs MAM (2006) Sens Actuators B 118:53

    Google Scholar 

  154. Schlecht U, Malave A, Gronewold T, Tewes M, Lohndorf M (2006) Anal Chim Acta 573:65

    Google Scholar 

  155. Taylor RF, Marenchic IG, Spencer RH (1991) Anal Chim Acta 249:67

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Varshney M, Li YB (2007) Biosens Bioelectron 22:2408

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Eldefrawi ME, Sherby SM, Andreou AG, Mansour NA, Annau Z, Blum NA, Valdes JJ (1988) Anal Lett 21:1665

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Saum AGE, Cumming RH, Rowell FJ (1998) Biosens Bioelectron 13:511

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Sheppard NF, Mears DJ, Guiseppi-Elie A (1996) Biosens Bioelectron 11:967

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Ho WO, Krause S, McNeil CJ, Pritchard JA, Armstrong RD, Athey D, Rawson K (1999) Anal Chem 71:1940

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Cortina M, Esplandiu MJ, Alegret S, del Valle M (2006) Sens Actuators B 118:84

    Google Scholar 

  162. Gomez R, Bashir R, Bhunia AK (2002) Sens Actuators B 86:198

    Google Scholar 

  163. Suehiro J, Hamada R, Noutomi D, Shutou M, Hara M (2003) J Electrost 57:157

    Google Scholar 

  164. Yang L, Li YB, Griffis CL, Johnson MG (2004) Biosens Bioelectron 19:1139

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Radke SA, Alocilja EC (2005) Biosens Bioelectron 20:1662

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Varshney M, Li YB (2007) Biosens Bioelectron 22:2408

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Möller R, Csáki A, Köhler JM, Fritsche W (2001) Langmuir 17:5426

    Google Scholar 

  168. Park SJ, Taton TA, Mirkin CA (2002) Science 295:1503

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Sergeyeva TA, Lavrik NV, Piletsky SA, Rachkov AE, El’skaya AV (1996) Sens Actuators 34:283

    Google Scholar 

  170. Sergeyeva TA, Lavrik NV, Rachkov AE, Kazantseva ZI, El’skaya AV (1998) Biosens Bioelectron 13:359

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Tripathi A, Wang J, Luck LA, Suni II (2007) Anal Chem 79:1266

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Cho S, Thielecke H (2007) Biosens Bioelectron 22:1764

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Göpel W, Jones TA, Kleitz M, Lundström J, Seiyama T (1998) In: Göpel W, Hesse J, Zemel JN (eds) Sensors—a comprehensive survey, vol 2. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim

  174. Thust M, Schoning MJ, Vetter J, Kordos P, Luth H (1996) Anal Chim Acta 323:115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Ben Ali M, Korpan Y, Gonchar M, El’skaya A, Maaref MA, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Martelet C (2006) Biosens Bioelectron 22:575

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Schöning MJ, Arzdorf M, Mulchandani P, Chen W, Mulchandani A (2003) Sensors 3:119

    Google Scholar 

  177. Lillis B, Manning M, Hurley E, Berney H, Duane R, Mathewson A, Sheehan MM (2007) Biosens Bioelectron 22:1289

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Abdelmalek F, Shadaram M, Boushriha H (2001) Sens Actuators B 72:208

    Google Scholar 

  179. Kharitonov AB, Zayats M, Alfonta L, Katz E, Willner I (2001) Sens Actuators B 76:203

    Google Scholar 

  180. Maupas H, Saby C, Martelet C, JaffrezicRenault N, Soldatkin AP, Charles MH, Delair T, Mandrand B (1996) J Electroanal Chem 406:53

    Google Scholar 

  181. Billard V, Martelet C, Binder P, Therasse J (1991) Anal Chim Acta 249:367

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Souteyrand E, Cloarec JP, Martin JR, Wilson C, Lawrence I, Mikkelsen S, Lawrence MF (1997) J Phys Chem B 101:2980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Souteyrand E, Chen C, Cloarec JP, Nesme X, Simonet P, Navarro I, Martin JR (2000) Appl Biochem Biotechnol 89:195

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Berney H, West J, Haefele E, Alderman J, Lane W, Collins JK (2000) Sens Actuators B 68:100

    Google Scholar 

  185. Estrela P, Stewart AG, Yan F, Migliorato P (2005) Electrochim Acta 50:4995

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Ingebrandt S, Offenhausser A (2006) Phys Status Solidi A 203:3399

    Google Scholar 

  187. Poghossian A, Ingebrandt S, Abouzar MH, Schoning MJ (2007) Appl Phys A 87:517

    Google Scholar 

  188. Lillis B, Manning M, Hurley E, Berney H, Duane R, Mathewson A, Sheehan MM (2007) Biosens Bioelectron 22:1289

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Hahm J, Lieber CM (2004) Nano Lett 4:51

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Gruner G (2006) Anal Bioanal Chem 384:322

    Google Scholar 

  191. Sandifer JR, Voycheck JJ (1999) Mikrochimica Acta 131(1–2):91

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Shinwari MW, Deen MJ, Landheer D (2007) Microelectronics Reliability 47(12):2025

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors want to thank Dr. Oliver Pänke for help in collecting the material for this review and Katrin Moll for editorial support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biosystems Technology, Wildau University of Applied Sciences, 15745, Wildau, Germany

    F. Lisdat & D. Schäfer

Authors
  1. F. Lisdat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. Schäfer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to F. Lisdat.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lisdat, F., Schäfer, D. The use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 391, 1555–1567 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-1970-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-1970-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation