Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether foetal hand movements are planned and how they are executed. We performed a kinematic analysis of hand movements directed towards the mouth and the eyes in the foetuses of eight women with normally evolving pregnancies. At 14, 18 and 22 weeks of gestation, eight foetuses underwent a 20-min four-dimensional-ultrasound session. The video recordings for these movements were then imported into in-house software developed to perform kinematic analysis. We found that spatial and temporal characteristics of foetal movements are by no means uncoordinated or unpatterned. By 22 weeks of gestation the movements seem to show the recognizable form of intentional actions, with kinematic patterns that depend on the goal of the action, suggesting a surprisingly advanced level of motor planning.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bhat A, Galloway JC (2006) Toy-oriented changes during early arm movements: Hand kinematics. Infant Behav Dev. DOI 10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.01.005
Bhat A, Heathcock J, Galloway JC (2005) Toy-oriented changes in hand and joint kinematics during the emergence of purposeful reaching. Infant Behav Dev 28:445–465
DiPietro JA (2005) Neurobehavioral assessment before birth. Mental Retard Dev Disab 11:4–13
DiPietro J, Bornstein M, Costigan K, Pressman EK, Hahn CS, Painter K, Smith BA, YiLJ (2002) What does fetal movement predict about behaviour durino the first two years of life? Dev Psychobiol 40:358–371
Fetters L, Todd J (1987) Quantitative assessment of infant reaching movements. J Mot Behav 19:147–166
Fitts PM (1954) The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. J Exp Psychol 47:381–391
Galloway JC, Thelen E (2003) Feet first: Object exploration in human infants. Infant Behav Dev 27:107–112
Groome LJ, Mooney DM, Holland SB, Smith LA, Atterbury JL, Dykman RA (1999) Behavioral state affects heart rate response to low-intensity sound in human fetus. Early Hum Dev 54:39–54
Halverson HM (1931) An experimental study of prehension in infants by means of systematic cinema records. Genetic Psychol Monogr 10:107–286
von Hofsten C (1979) Development of visually directed reaching: the approach phase. J Hum Mov Studies 5:160–178
von Hofsten C (1982) Eye-hand coordination in the newborn. Dev Psychol 18:450–461
von Hofsten C (1984) Developmental changes in the organisation of pre-reaching movements. Dev Psychol 20:378–388
von Hofsten C (1991) Structuring of early reaching movements, a longitudinal study. J Mot Behav 23:280–292
Kisilevsky BS, Lowe JA (1998) Human fetal behaviour, 100 years of study. Dev Rev 18:1–29
Kisilevsky BS, Muir DW (1991) Human fetal and subsequent newborn responses to sound and vibration. Infant Behav Dev 14:1–26
Kostović I, Judaš M, Petanjek Z, Šimić G (1995) Ontogenesis of goal-directed behavior, anatomo-functional considerations. Int J Psychophysiol 19:85–102
Lew AR, Butterworth G (1997) The development of hand-mouth coordination in 2 to 5-month-old infants, similarities with reaching and grasping. Infant Behav Dev 20:59–69
Mathew A, Cook M (1990) The control of reaching movements by young infants. Child Dev 61:1238–1258
Natale R, Nasello-Paterson C, Turlink R (1985) Longitudinal measurements of fetal breathing, body movements, and heart rate accelerations, and decelerations at 24 and 32 weeks of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 151:256–263
Newman C, Atkinson J, Braddick O (2001) The development of reaching and looking preferences in infants to objects of different sizes. Dev Psychol 37:561–572
Patrick J, Campbell K, Carmichael L, Natale R, Richardson B (1982) Patterns of gross fetal body movements over 24-h observation intervals during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 142:363–371
Piek JP, Carman R (1994) Developmental profiles of spontaneous movements in infants. Early Hum Dev 39:109–126
Prechtl HFR (1997) The importance of fetal movements. In: Connolly KJ, Forssberg H (eds) Neurophysiology and neuropsychology of motor development, clinics in development medicine. Cambridge University Press, New York pp 42–53
Reece EA, Gabrielli S, Degennaro N, Hobbins JC (1989) Dating through pregnancy, a measure of growing up. Obstet Gynecol Surv 44:544–55
Sival DA, Visser GHA, Prechtl HFR (1990) Does reduction of amniotic fluid affect fetal movements? Early Hum Dev 28:119–132
Sparling JW, Wilhelm J (1993) Concepts in fetal movement research. In: Sparling JW (eds) Concepts in fetal movement research. Haworth Press, Binghamton, NY pp 97–114
Thelen E (1979) Rhythmic stereotypies in normal human infants. Anim Behav 27:699–715
Thelen E, Corbetta D, Spencer JP (1996) Development of reaching during the first year: role of movement speed. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 22:1059–1076
Tongsong T, Wanapirak C, Jesadapornchai S, Tathayathikom E (1992) Fetal binocular distance as a predictor of menstrual age. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 38(2):87–91
de Vries JIP, Visser GHA, Prechtl HFR (1985) The emergence of fetal behaviour, II quantitative aspects. Early Hum Dev 12:99–120
de Vries JIP, Visser GHA, Prechtl HFR (1988) The emergence of fetal behaviour: III individual differences and consistencies. Early Hum Dev 16:85–103
Acknowledgments
Our sincere thanks to the women who participated in the study. We also thank Professors Alan Allport and Patrick Haggard for comments. This work was funded by the grant R.C. 44/03 of the Institute of Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zoia, S., Blason, L., D’Ottavio, G. et al. Evidence of early development of action planning in the human foetus: a kinematic study. Exp Brain Res 176, 217–226 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0607-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0607-3