Abstract
A numerical investigation to elucidate thermal behavior of hybrid nanofluids consisting of Al2O3 and Cu nanoparticles at ratio of 90:10 was conducted. Numerical domain of a two-dimensional axisymmetric copper tube with a length of 1000 and 10 mm in diameter is used. A uniform axial velocity is assigned at the velocity inlet based on the Reynolds number. The outer wall of the tube consists of non-slip wall condition with a constant heat flux. The assumptions of this numerical analysis are; (1) there is a steady state analysis, (2) effective thermo-physical properties of the nanofluid are depend on the volume concentration, and (3) fluid is continuum. It is found that the dominant nanoparticle in the hybrid nanofluids strongly influences the thermal behavior of the hybrid nanofluids. It was also found that the heat transfer coefficient increases as the volume concentration of the hybrid nanoparticle increases in base fluids and the Reynolds number.
Abbreviations
- \(\overset{\lower0.5em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\rightharpoonup}$}} {a}\) :
-
Particle’s acceleration
- c k :
-
Mass fraction for any phase
- c p :
-
Specific heat (J/kg K)
- D :
-
Tube diameter (m)
- D p :
-
Particle diameter (nm)
- F :
-
Body force (N)
- f :
-
Friction factor
- g :
-
Gravitational acceleration (m/s2)
- h :
-
Convective heat transfer (W/m2 K)
- h k :
-
Sensible enthalphy (kJ/kg)
- k :
-
Thermal conductivity (W/mK)
- L :
-
Tube length (m)
- Re:
-
Reynolds number
- p :
-
Pressure (Pa)
- q :
-
Heat flux (W/m2)
- T :
-
Temperature (K)
- v :
-
Velocity (m/s)
- v dr :
-
Drift velocity (m/s)
- \(\delta\) :
-
Boundary layer thickness (m)
- \(\phi\) :
-
Volume fraction
- \(\mu\) :
-
Dynamics viscosity (kg/ms)
- \(\rho\) :
-
Density (kg/m3)
- \(\tau\) :
-
Shear stress (Pa)
- \(\tau_{p}\) :
-
Particle relaxation time (sm−1)
- \(\gamma\) :
-
Shear rate (s−1)
- \(\eta\) :
-
Kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
- Bf :
-
Base fluid
- eff :
-
Effective
- f :
-
Base fluid
- m :
-
Mixture
- nf :
-
Nanofluid
- p :
-
Particle
- q :
-
Liquid
- vol%:
-
Volume percentage
- k :
-
The kth phase
References
Choi SUS (1995) Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles development and applications of non-newtonian flows. FED-vol 231/MD-Vol 66, ASME, New York
Xuan Y, Li Q (2000) Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 21:58–64
Wong KV, Leon OD (2010) Applications of nanofluids: current and future. Adv Mech Eng 1–11
Ghadimi A, Saidur R, Metselaar HSC (2011) A review of nanofluid stability properties and characterization in stationary conditions. Int J Heat Mass Transf 54:4051–4068
Pak BC, Cho YI (1998) Hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of dispersed fluids with submicron metallic oxide particle. Exp Heat Transf 11:151–170
Wen D, Ding Y (2004) Effective thermal conductivity of aqueous suspensions of carbon nanotubes (carbon nanotube nanofluids). J Thermophys Heat Transf 18:481–485
Ting Hsien-Hung, Hou Shuhn-Shyurng (2015) Investigation of laminar convective heat transfer for Al2O3–water nanofluids flowing through a square cross-section duct with a constant heat flux. Materials 8:5321–5335
Vajjha RS, Das DK (2012) A review and analysis on influence of temperature and concentration of nanofluids on thermophysical properties, heat transfer and pumping power. Int J Heat Mass Transf 55:4063–4078
Mahian O, Kianifar A, Kalogirou SA, Pop I, Wongwises S (2013) A review of the application of nanofluids in solar energy. Int J Heat Mass Transf 57:582–594
Alawi OA, Sidik NAC, Mohammed HA, Syahrullail S (2014) Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in heat pipes: a review. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 56:50–62
Leong KY, Nurfadhillah MH, Risby MS, Hafizah AN (2014) The effect of surfactant on stability and thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube based nanofluids. Therm Sci 1:78
Suresh S, Venkitaraj KP, Hameed MS, Sarangan J (2014) Turbulent heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of dilute water based Al2O3–Cu hybrid nanofluids. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 14(3):2563–2572
Selvakumar P, Suresh S (2012) Use of Al2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluid in an electronic heat sink. IEEE Trans Compon Packag Manuf Technol 2(10):1600–1607
Han WS, Rhi SH (2011) Thermal characteristics of grooved heat pipe with hybrid nanofluids. Therm Sci 15(1):195–206
Suresh S, Venkitaraj KP, Selvakumar P, Chandrasekar M (2012) Effect of Al2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluid in heat transfer. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 38:54–60
Balla HH, Abdullah S, Faizal WM, Zulkifli R, Sopian K (2013) Numerical study of the enhancement of heat transfer for hybrid CuO–Cu nanofluids flowing in a circular pipe. J Oleo Sci 62(7):533–539
Megatif L, Ghozatloo A, Arimi A, Shariati-Niasar M (2016) Investigation of Laminar convective heat transfer of a novel TiO2–CNT hybrid water-based nanofluid. Exp Heat Transf 29(1):124–138
Lotfi R, Saboohi Y, Rashidi AM (2010) Numerical study of forced convective heat transfer of nanofluids: comparison of different approach. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 37:74–78
Peng Wang, Minli Bai, Jizu Lv, Liang Zhang, Wenzheng Cui, Guojie Li (2013) Comparison of multidimensional simulation models for nanofluids flow characteristics. Numer Heat Transf Part B Fundam An Int J Comput Methodol 63(1):62–83
Labib MN, Nine MJ, Afrianto H, Chung H, Jeong H (2013) Numerical investigation on effect of base fluids and hybrid nanofluid in forced convective heat transfer. Int J Therm Sci 71:163–171
Moghadassi A, Ghomi E, Parvizian F (2015) A numerical study of water based Al2O3 and Al2O3–Cu hybrid nanofluid effect on forced convective heat transfer. Int J Therm Sci 92:50–57
Bowen RM (1976) Theory of Mixtures, Part I. In: Eringen AC (ed) Continuum Physics, vol III. Academic Press, New York
Joseph DD, Lundgren TS, Jackson R, Saville DA (1990) Ensemble averaged and mixture theory equations for incompressible fluidparticle suspensions. Int J Multiph Flow 16(1):35–42
Johnson G, Massoudi M, Rajagopal KR (1991) Flow of a fluid-solid mixture between flat plates. Chem Eng Sci 46(7):1713–1723
Einstein A (1956) Investigation on the theory of Brownian Motion. Dover, New York
Maxwell JC (1881) A treatise on electricity and magnetism, 2nd edn. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the academic staff and assistant engineers of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia for their support in conducting this investigation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rahman, M.R.A., Leong, K.Y., Idris, A.C. et al. Numerical analysis of the forced convective heat transfer on Al2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluid. Heat Mass Transfer 53, 1835–1842 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-016-1941-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-016-1941-z