Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Xylanases from fungi: properties and industrial applications

  • Mini-Review
  • Published:
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Xylan is the principal type of hemicellulose. It is a linear polymer of β-D-xylopyranosyl units linked by (1–4) glycosidic bonds. In nature, the polysaccharide backbone may be added to 4-O-methyl-α-D-glucuronopyranosyl units, acetyl groups, α-L-arabinofuranosyl, etc., in variable proportions. An enzymatic complex is responsible for the hydrolysis of xylan, but the main enzymes involved are endo-1,4-β-xylanase and β-xylosidase. These enzymes are produced by fungi, bacteria, yeast, marine algae, protozoans, snails, crustaceans, insect, seeds, etc., but the principal commercial source is filamentous fungi. Recently, there has been much industrial interest in xylan and its hydrolytic enzymatic complex, as a supplement in animal feed, for the manufacture of bread, food and drinks, textiles, bleaching of cellulose pulp, ethanol and xylitol production. This review describes some properties of xylan and its metabolism, as well as the biochemical properties of xylanases and their commercial applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4a–e

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Almeida EM, Polizeli MLTM, Terenzi HF, Jorge JA (1995) Purification and biochemical characterization of β-xylosidase from Humicola grisea var. thermoidea. FEMS Microbiol Lett 130:171–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrade CMMC, Pereira N Jr, Antranikian G (1999) Extremely thermophilic microorganisms and their polymer-hydrolytic enzymes. Rev Microbiol 30:287–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrade SV, Polizeli MLTM, Terenzi HF, Jorge JA (2004) Effect of carbon source on the biochemical properties of the β-xylosidase produced by Aspergillus versicolor. Process Biochem 39:1931–1938

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anthony T, Raj KC, Rajendran A, Gunasekaran P (2003) High molecular weight cellulase-free xylanases from alkali-tolerant Aspergillus fumigatus AR1. Enzyme Microb Technol 32:647–654

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araújo JHB, Moraes FF, Zanin GM (1999) Bleaching of kraft pulp with commercial xylanases. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 77–79:713–722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aristidou A, Pentillä M (2000) Metabolic engineering applications to renewable resource utilization. Curr Opin Biotechnol 11:187–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baitaillon M, Cardinali APN, Castillon N, Duchiron F (2000) Purification and characterization of a moderately thermostable xylanase from Bacillus sp. strain SPS-0. Enzyme Microb Technol 26:187–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bajpai P (1999) Application of enzymes in the pulp and paper industry. Biotechnol Prog 15:147–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baraznenok VA, Becker EG, Ankudimova NV, Okunev NN (1999) Characterization of neutral xylanases from Chaetomium cellulolyticum and their biobleaching effect on eucalyptus pulp. Enzyme Microb Technol 25:651–659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayer EA, Morag E, Lamed R (1994) The cellulosome—a treasure-trove for biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 12:379–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beg QK, Bhushan B, Kapoor M, Hoondal GS (2000) Enhanced production of a thermostable xylanase from Streptomyces sp. QG-11-3 and its application in biobleaching of eucalyptus kraft pulp. Enzyme Microb Technol 27:459–466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beg QK, Kapoor M, Mahajan L Hoondal GS (2001) Microbial xylanases and their industrial applications: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56:326–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat MK (2000) Cellulases and related enzymes in biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 18:355–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biely P (1985) Microbial xylanolytic systems. Trends Biotechnol 3:286–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biely P (1993) Biochemical aspects of the production of microbial hemicellulases. In: Cougland, MP, Hazlewood, GP (eds) Hemicelluloses and hemicellulases. Portland Press, London, pp 29–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Biely P, Vrsanská M, Tenkanen M, Kluepfel D (1997) Endo-α-1,4-xylanase families: differences in catalytic properties. J Biotechnol 57:151–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bim MA, Franco TT (2000) Extraction in aqueous two-phase systems of alkaline xylanase produced by Bacillus pumilus and its application in kraft pulp bleaching. J Chromatogr 43:349–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum DL, Li X-L, Chen H, Ljungdahl LG (1999) Characterization of an acetyl xylan esterase from the anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces sp. strain PC-2. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:3990–3995

    Google Scholar 

  • Brühlmann F, Leupin M, Erismann KH, Fiechter A (2000) Enzymatic degumming of ramie bast fibers. J Biotechnol 76:43–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruins ME, Janssen AE, Boom RM (2001) Thermozymes and their applications: a review of recent literature and patents. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 90:155–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchert J, Ranua M, Kantelinem A, Viikari L (1992) The role of two Trichoderma reesei xylanases in the bleaching of kraft pulp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 37:825–829

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camacho NA, Aguilar OG (2003) Production, purification and characterization of a low molecular mass xylanase from Aspergillus sp. and its application in bakery. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 104:159–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmona EC, Brochetto-Braga MR, Pizzirani-Kleiner AA, Jorge JA (1998) Purification and biochemical characterization of an endoxylanase from Aspergillus versicolor. FEMS Microbiol Lett 166:311–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caufrier F, Martinou A, Dupont C, Bouriotis V (2003) Carbohydrate esterase family 4 enzymes: substrate specificity. Carbohydr Res 338(7):687–692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chadha BS, Ajay BK, Mellon F, Bhat MK (2004) Two endoxylanases active and stable at alkaline pH from the newly isolated thermophilic fungus, Myceliophthora sp. IMI 387099. J Biotechnol 109:227–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chavez R, Schachter K, Navarro C, Peirano A, Aguirre C, Bull P, Eyzaguirre J (2002) Differences in expression of two endoxylanase genes (xynA and xynB) from Penicillium purpurogenum. Gene 293(1–2):161–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Whitmire D, Bowen JP (1996) Xylanase homology modeling using the inverse protein folding approach. Protein Sci 5(4):705–708

    Google Scholar 

  • Christakopoulos P, Nerinckx W, Kekos D, Macris B, Claeyssens M (1996) Purification and characterization of two low molecular mass alkaline xylanases from Fusarium oxysporum F3. J Biotechnol 51:181–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christov LP, Prior BA (1993) Esterases of xylan-degrading microorganisms, production, properties and significance. Enzyme Microb Technol 15:460–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christov LP, Szakacs G, Balakrishman H (1999) Production, partial characterization and use of fungal cellulase-free xylanases in pulp bleaching. Process Biochem 34:511–517

    Google Scholar 

  • Christov L, Biely P, Kalogeris E, Christakopoulos P, Prior BA, Bhat MK (2000) Effects of purified endo-β-1,4-xylanases of family 10 and 11 and acetyl xylan esterases on eucalypt sulfite dissolving pulp. J Biotechnol 83:231–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins T, Gerday C, Feller G (2005) Xylanases, xylanases families and extremophilic xylanases. FEMS Microbiol Rev 29:3–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coughlan MP, Hazlewood GP (1993) β-1,4-D-Xylan-degrading enzyme systems, biochemistry, molecular biology and applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 17:259–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Crepin VF, Fauld CB, Connerton IF (2004) Functional classification of the microbial feruloyl esterases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63(6):647–652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Csiszár E, Urbánszki K, Szakás G (2001) Biotreatment of desized cotton fabric by commercial cellulase and xylanase enzymes. J Mol Catal B Enzym 11:1065–1072

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalboge H (1997) Expression cloning of fungal enzyme genes; a novel approach for efficient isolation of enzyme genes of industrial relevance. FEMS Microbiol Rev 21:29–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damaso MCT, Andrade CMMC, Pereira N Jr (2000) Use of corncob for endoxylanase production by thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus IOC-4145. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 84–86:821–834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Graaff LH, van den Broeck HC, Ooijen AJJ (1994) Regulation of the xylanase-encoding xlnA gene of Aspergillus tubigensis. Mol Microbiol 12:479–490

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vries RP, Kester HC, Poulsen CH, Benen JA, Visser J (2000) Synergy between enzymes from Aspergillus involved in the degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Carbohydr Res 327(4)401–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Debyser W, Derdelinckx G, Delcour JA (1997) Arabinoxylan solubilization and inhibition of the berley malt system by wheat during mashing with wheat whole meal adjunct, evidence for a new class of enzyme inhibitors in wheat. J Am Soc Brew Chem 55:153–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Degefu Y, Lohtander K, Paulin L (2004) Expression patterns and phylogenetic analysis of two xylanase genes (htxyl1 and htxyl2) from Helminthosporium turcicum, the cause of northern leaf blight of maize. Biochimie 86:83–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dervilly G, Leclercq C, Zimmerman D, Roue C, Thibault JF Sauliner L (2002) Isolation and characterization of high molecular mass water-soluble arabinoxylans from barley malt. Carbohydr Polym 47:143–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhillon A, Gupta JK, Jauhari BM, Khanna S (2000) A cellulase-poor, thermostable, alkalitolerant xylanase produced by Bacillus circulans AB 16 grown on rice straw and its application in biobleaching of eucalyptus pulp. Bioresour Technol 73:273–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doi RH, Tamaru T (2001) The Clostridium cellulovorans cellulosome: an enzyme complex with plant cell wall degrading activity. Chem Rec 1(1):24–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Doi RH, Kosugi A (2004) Cellulosomes: plant-cell-wall-degrading enzyme complexes. Nat Rev Microbiol 2(7):541–551

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doi RH, Goldstein M, Hashida S, Park JS, Takagi M (1994) The Clostridium cellulovorans cellulosome. Crit Rev Microbiol 20:87–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Doi RH, Park JS, Liu CC, Malburg LM, Tamaru Y, Ichiishi A, Ibrahim A (1998) Cellulosome and noncellulosomal cellulases of Clostridium cellulovorans. Extremophiles 2(2):53–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doi RH, Kosugi A, Murashima K, Tamaru Y, Han SO (2003) Cellulosomes from mesophilic bacteria. J Bacteriol 185:5907–5914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowzer CE, Kelly JM (1991) Analysis of the creA gene, a regulator of carbon catabolite repression in Aspergillus niger Mol Cell Biol 7:1256–1266

    Google Scholar 

  • Duarte MCT, Silva EC, Gomes IMB, Ponezi AN, Portugal EP, Vicente JR, Davanzo E (2003) Xylan-hydrolysing enzyme system from Bacillus pumilus CBMAI 0008 and its effects on Eucalyptus grandis kraft pulp for bleaching improvement. Bioresour Technol 88:9–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebringerova A, Heinze T (2000) Xylan and xulan derivatives—biopolymers with valuable properties. 1. Naturally occurring xylans structures, isolation procedures and properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 21:542–556

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-Espinar M, Piñaga F, de Graaff L, Visser J, Ramón D, Vallés S (1994) Purification, characterization and regulation of the synthesis of an Aspergillus nidulans acidic xylanase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 42:555–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira-Filho, EX (1994) The xylan-degrading enzyme system. Braz J Med Biol Res 27:1093–1109

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores ME, Perea M, Rodríguez O, Malváez A, Huitron C (1996) Physiological studies on induction and catabolic repression of β-xylosidase and endoxylanase in Streptomyces sp. CH-M-1035. J Biotechnol 49:179–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto H, Ooi T, Wang S-L, Takizawa T, Hidaka H, Murao S, Arai M (1995) Purification and properties of three xylanases from Aspergillus aculeatus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 59:538–540

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganga MA, Piñaga F, Vallés S, Ramón D, Querol A (1999) Aroma improving in microvinification processes by the use of a recombinant wine yeast strain expressing the Aspergillus nidulans xlnA gene. Int J Food Microbiol 47:171–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garg AP, McCarthy AJ, Roberts JC (1996) Biobleaching effect of Streptomyces thermoviolaceus xylanase preparations on birchwood kraft pulp. Enzyme Microb Technol 18:261–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Georis J, Giannotta F, de Buyl E, Granier B, Frère J-M (2000) Purification and properties of three endo-β-1,4-xylanases produced by Streptomyces sp. strain S38 which differ in their ability to enhance the bleaching of kraft pulp. Enzyme Microb Technol 26:178–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghanen NB, Yusef HH, Mahrouse HK (2000) Production of Aspergillus terreus xylanase in solid-state cultures: application of the Plackett–Burman experimental design to evaluate nutritional requirements. Bioresour Technol 73:113–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghareib M, El Dein MMN (1992) Purification and general properties of xylanase from Aspergillus terreus. Zentralbl Mikrobiol 147:569–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh M, Nanda G (1994) Physiological studies on xylose induction and glucose repression of xylanolytic enzymes in Aspergillus sydowii MG49. FEBS Microbiol Lett 117:151–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes DJ, Gomes J, Steiner W (1994) Factors influencing the induction of endo-xylanase by Thermoascus aurantiacus. J Biotechnol 33:87–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haarhoff J, Moes CJ, Cerff C, van Wyk WJ, Gerischer G, Janse BJH (1999) Characterization and biobleaching effect of hemicellulases produced by thermophilic fungi. Biotechnol Lett 21:415–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakulinen N, Turunen O, Janis J, Leisola M, Rouvinen J (2003) Three-dimensional structures of thermophilic beta-1,4-xylanases from Chaetomium thermophilum and Nonomuraea flexuosa. Comparison of twelve xylanases in relation to their thermal stability. Eur J Biochem 270:1399–1412

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haltrich D, Nidetzky B, Kulbe KD, Steiner W, Zupancic S (1996) Production of fungal xylanases. Bioresour Technol 58:137–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harbak L, Thygesen HV (2002) Safety evaluation of a xylanase expressed in Bacillus subtilis. Food Chem Toxicol 40:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris GW, Pickersgill RW, Connerton I, Debeire P, Touzel J-P, Breton C, Pérez S (1997) Structural basis of the properties of an industrially relevant thermophilic xylanase. Proteins 29:77–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Henrissat B, Bairoch A (1993) New families in the classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino acid sequence similarities. Biochem J 293:781–788

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horikoshi K (1996) Alkaliphiles—from an industrial point of view. FEMS Microbiol Rev 18:259–270

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hrmová M, Petraková E, Biely P (1991) Induction of cellulose- and xylan-degrading enzyme system in Aspergillus terreus by homo- and heterodisaccharides composed of glucose and xylose. J Gen Microbiol 137:541–547

    Google Scholar 

  • Iefuji H, Chino M, Kato M, Iimura Y (1996) Acid xylanase from yeast Cryptococcus sp. S-2: purification, characterization, cloning, and sequencing. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 60:1331–1338

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishihara M, Tawata S, Toyama S (1997) Purification and some properties of a thermostable xylanase from thermophilic fungus strain HG-1. J Ferment Bioeng 835:478–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ito K, Iwashita K, Iwano K (1992) Cloning and sequencing of the xyn C gene encoding acid xylanase of Aspergillus kawachii. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 56:1338–1340

    Google Scholar 

  • Izydorczyk MS, Biliaderis CG (1995) Cereal arabinoxylans: advances in structure and physiochemical properties. Carbohydr Polym 28:33–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen H, Eriksson T, Börjesson J, Tjerneld F, Olsson L (2003) Purification and characterization of five cellulases and one xylanase from Penicillium brasilianum IBT 20888. Enzyme Microb Technol 32:851–861

    Google Scholar 

  • Jun HS, Ha JK, Malburg LM, Verrinder GA, Forsberg CW (2003) Characteristics of a cluster of xylanase genes in Fibrobacter succinogenes S85. Can J Microbiol 49(3):171–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kadowaki MK, Pacheco MAC, Peralta RM (1995) Xylanase production by Aspergillus isolates grown on corn cob. Rev Microbiol 263:219–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalogeris E, Christakopoulos P, Kekos D, Macris BJ (1998) Studies on solid-state production of thermostable endoxylanases from Thermoascus aurantiacus. Characterization of two isozymes. J Biotechnol 60:155–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko S, Shimasaki T, Kusakable I (1993) Purification and some properties of intracellular α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Aspergillus niger 5–16. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 57:1161–1165

    Google Scholar 

  • Kansoh AL, Nagieb ZA (2004) Xylanase and mannanase enzymes from Streptomyces galbus NR and their use in biobleaching of softwood kraft pulp. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J Microbiol Serol 85:103–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khanna P, Sundari SS, Kumar NJ (1995) Production, isolation and partial purification of xylanase from an Aspergillus sp. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 11:242–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura I, Sasahara H, Tajima S (1995) Purification and characterization of two xylanases and an arabinofuranosidase from Aspergillus sojae. J Ferment Bioeng 804:334–339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura T, Ito J, Kawano A, Makino T, Kondo H, Karita S, Sakka K, Ohmiya K (2000) Purification, characterization, and molecular cloning of acidophilic xylanase from Penicillium sp. 40. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 64:1230–1237

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitamoto N, Yoshino S, Ohmiya K, Tsukagoshi N (1999) Purification and characterization of the overexpressed Aspergillus oryzae xylanase, XynF1. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 6310:1791–1794

    Google Scholar 

  • Kormelink FJM, Leeuwen MGFSL, Wood TM, Voragen AGJ (1993) Purification and characterization of three endo (1,4)-β-D-xylanases and one β-xylosidase from Aspergillus awamori. J Biotechnol 27:249–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni N, Rao M (1996) Application of xylanase from alkaliphilic thermophilic Bacillus sp. NCIM 59 in biobleaching of bagasse pulp. J Biotechnol 51:167–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni N, Lakshmikumaran M, Rao M (1999a) Xylanase II from a alkaliphilic thermophilic Bacillus with distinctly different structure from other xylanases, evolutionary relationship to alkaliphilic xylanases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 263:640–645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni N, Shendye A, Rao M (1999b) Molecular and biotechnological aspects of xylanases. FEMS Microbiol Rev 23:411–456

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurakabe M, Shinjii O, Komaki T (1997) Transxylosilation of β-xylosidase from Aspergillus awamori K4. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 6112:2010–2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasa I, Berenguer J (1993) Thermophilic enzymes and their biotechnological potential. Microbiology 9:77–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenartovicz V, Souza CGM, Moreira FG, Peralta RM (2002) Temperature effect in the production of multiple xylanases by Aspergillus fumigatus. J Basic Microbiol 42:388–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li XL, Zhang Z, Dean IFD, Eriksson KL, Ljungdahl LG (1993) Purification and characterization of a new xylanase APX-II from the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans Y-2311-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:3212–3218

    Google Scholar 

  • Li K, Azadi P, Collins R, Tolan J, Kim JS, Eriksson Karl-Erik L (2000) Relationships between activities of xylanases and xylan structures. Enzyme Microb Technol 27:89–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu W, Lu Y, Ma G (1999) Induction and glucose repression of endo-β-xylanase in the yeast Trichosporon cutaneum SL409. Process Biochem 34:67–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Maat J, Roza M, Verbakel J, Stam H, Santos da Silva MJ, Bosse M, Egmond MR, Hagemans MLD, van Gorcom RFM, Hessing JGM, van den Hondel CAMJJ, van Rotterdam C (1992) Xylanases and their applications in bakery. In: Visser J, Beldman G, Someren Kusters-van MA, Voragem AGJ (eds) Xylans and xylanases. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 349–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Mach RL, Strauss J, Zeilinger S, Schindler M, Kubicek CP (1996) Carbon catabolite repression of xylanase I xyn1 gene expression in Trichoderma reesei. Mol Microbiol 216:1273–1281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari R, Bharadwaj G, Bhat MK (2000) Thermophilic fungi: their physiology and enzymes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64:461–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medeiros RG, Soffner MAP, Tomé JA, Cacais AOG, Estelles RS, Salles BC, Ferreira HM, Neto SAL, Silva FG Jr, Filho EXF (2000) The production of hemicellulases by aerobic fungi on medium containing residues of banana plant as substrate. Biotechnol Prog 16:522–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monti R, Terenzi HF, Jorge JA (1991) Purification and properties of an extracellular xylanase from thermophilic fungus Humicola grisea var. thermoidea. Can J Microbiol 37:675–681

    Google Scholar 

  • Monti R, Cardello L, Custódio MF, Goulart AJ, Sayama AH, Contiero J (2003) Production and purification of an endo-1,4-β-xylanase from Humicola grisea var. thermoidea by electroelution. Braz J Microbiol 34:124–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Morosoli R, Durand S, Letendre E (1987) Induction of xylanase by β-methylxyloside in Cryptococcus albidus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 48:261–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murzin AG, Brenner SE, Hubbard T, Chothia C (1995) SCOP: a structural classification of proteins database for the investigation of sequences and structures. J Mol Biol 247(4):536–540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niehaus F, Bertoldo C, Kähler M, Antranikian G (1999) Extremophiles as a source of novel enzymes for industrial application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 51:711–729

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nuyens F, van Zyl HW, Iserentant D, Verachtert H, Michiels C (2001) Heterologous expression of the Bacillus pumilus endo-β-xylanase (xynA) gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56:431–434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oksanen T, Pere J, Paavilainen L, Buchert J, Viikari L (2000) Treatment of recycled kraft pulps with Trichoderma reesei hemicellulases and cellulases. J Biotechnol 78:39–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paice MG, Gurnagul N, Page DH, Jurasek L (1992) Mechanism of hemicellulose-directed prebleaching of kraft pulps. Enzyme Microb Technol 14:272–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey A, Soccol CR, Nigam P, Soccol VT (2000) Biotechnological potential of agro-industrial residues. I, sugarcane bagasse. Bioresour Technol 74:69–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parajó JC, Domíngues H, Domíngues JM (1998) Biotechnological production of xylitol. Part 1, interest of xylitol and fundamentals of its biosynthesis. Bioresour Technol 65:191–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel RN, Grabski AC, Jefries TW (1993) Chromophore release from kraft by purified Srepmomices roseiscleroticus xylanase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 39:405–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piñaga F, Fernández-Espinar MT, Vallés S, Ramon D (1994) Xylanase production in Aspergillus nidulans, induction and carbon catabolite repression. FEMS Microbiol Lett 115:319–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prade RA (1995) Xylanases, from biology to biotechnology. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 13:101–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Puchart V, Katapodis P, Biely P, Kremnický L, Christakopoulos P, Vršanská M, Kekos D, Macris BJ, Bhat MK (1999) Production of xylanases, mannanases and pectinases by the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus. Enzyme Microb Technol 24:355–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puls J, Poutanen K (1989) Mechanisms of enzymatic hydrolysis of hemicelluloses xylans and procedures for determination of the enzyme activities involved. In: Ericksson KEE, Ander P (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry. STFI, Stockholm, pp 93–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Puls J, Schuseil J (1993) Chemistry of hemicelluloses, relationship between hemicellulose structure and enzyme required for hydrolysis. In: Cougland MP, Hazlewood GP (eds) Hemicelluloses and hemicellulases. Portland Press, London, pp 1–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Raj KC, Chandra TS (1996) Purification and characterization of xylanase from alkali-tolerant Aspergillus fischeri Fxn1. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1453:457–461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rani DS, Nand K (2000) Production of thermostable cellulase-free xylanase by Clostridium absonum CFR-702. Process Biochem 36:355–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reilly PJ (1981) Xylanases, structure and function. In: Hollaender A (ed) Trends in the biology of fermentation for fuels and chemicals. Plenum, New York, pp 111–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Rizzatti ACS, Jorge JA, Terenzi HF, Rechia CGV, Polizeli MLTM (2001) Purification and properties of a thermostable extracellular β-xylosidase produced by a thermotolerant Aspergillus phoenicis. J Ind Microbiol Biotech 26:156–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzatti ACS, Sandrim VC, Jorge JA, Terenzi HF, Polizeli MLTM (2004) Influence of temperature on the properties of xylanolytic enzymes of the thermotolerant fungus Aspergillus phoenicis. J Ind Microbiol Biotech 31:88–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan SE, Nolan K, Thompson R, Gubitz GM, Savage AV, Tuohy MG (2003) Purification and characterization of a new low molecular weight endoxylanase from Penicillium capsularium. Enzyme Microb Technol 33:775–785

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salles BC, Cunha RB, Fontes W, Sousa MV, Filho EXF (2000) Purification and characterization of a new xylanase from Acrophialophora nainiana. J Biotechnol 81:199–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salles BC, Medeiros RG, Báo SM, Silva FG Jr, Filho EXF (2004) Effect of cellulase-free xylanases from Acrophialophora nainiana and Humicola grisea var. thermoidea on eucalyptus kraft pulp. Process Biochem (in press)

  • Sandrim VC, Rizzatti ACS, Terenzi HF, Jorge JA, Milagres AMF, Polizeli MLTM (2004) Purification and biochemical characterization of two xylanases produced by Aspergillus caespitosus and their potential for kraft pulp bleaching. Process Biochem (in press)

  • Sapag A, Wouters J, Lambert C, de Ioannes P, Eyzaguirre J, Depiereux E (2002) The endoxylanases from family 11: computer analysis of protein sequences reveals important structural and phylogenetic relationships. J Biotechnol 95:109–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sato Y, Niimura Y, Yura K, Go M (1999) Module–intron correlation and intron sliding in family F/10 xylanase genes. Gene 238:93–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Screenath HK, Jeffries TW (2000) Production of ethanol from wood hydrolysate by yeasts. Bioresour Technol 72:253–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segura BG, Durand R, Fèvre M (1998) Multiplicity and expression of xylanases in the rumen fungus Neocallimastix frontalis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 164(1):47–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shah AK, Sidid SS, Ahmad A, Rele MV (1999) Treatment of bagasse pulp with cellulase-free xylanase from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. Sam-3. Bioresour Technol 68:133–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shao W, Wiegel J (1992) Purification and characterization of thermostable β-xylosidase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus. J Bacteriol 17418:5848–5853

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapack GE, Russel I, Stewart GG (1987) Thermophilic microbes in ethanol production. CRC

  • Silva CHC, Puls J, Sousa MV, Ferreira-Filho EX (1999) Purification and characterization of a low molecular weight xylanase from solid-state cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius. Rev Microbiol 30:114–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Simão RCG, Souza CGM, Peralta RM (1997a) The use of methyl β-D-xyloside as a substrate for xylanase production by Aspergillus tamarii. Can J Microbiol 43:56–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Simão RCG, Souza CGM, Peralta RM (1997b) Induction of xylanase in Aspergillus tamarii by methyl β-D-xyloside. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 47:267–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Reddy P, Haarhoff J, Biely P, Janse B, Pillay B, Pillay D, Prior BA (2000) Relatedness of Thermomyces lanuginosus strains producing a thermostable xylanase. J Biotechnol 81:119–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith DC, Bhat KM, Wood TM (1991) Xylan-hydrolysing enzymes from thermophilic and mesophilic fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 7:475–484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subramaniyan S, Prema P (2000) Cellulase-free xylanases from Bacillus and other microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol Lett 183:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subramaniyan S, Prema P (2002) Biotechnology of microbial xylanases, enzymology, molecular biology, and application. Crit Rev Biotechnol 22:33–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sung WL, Luk CK, Chan B, Wakarchuk W, Yaguchi M, Campbell R, Willick G, Ishikawa K, Zahab DM (1995) Expression of Trichoderma reesei and Trichoderma viride xylanases in Escherichia coli. Biochem Cell Biol 73(5–6):253–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunna A, Antranikian G (1997) Xylanolytic enzymes from fungi and bacteria. Crit Rev Biotechnol 17(1):39–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan LUL, Wong KKY, Yu EKC, Saddler JN (1985) Purification and characterization of two D-xylanases from Trichoderma harzianum. Enzyme Microb Technol 7:425–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taneja K, Gupta S, Kuhad RC (2002) Properties and application of a partially purified alkaline xylanase from an alkalophilic fungus Aspergillus nidulans KK-99. Bioresour Technol 85(1):39–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Techapun C, Poosaran N, Watanabe M, Sasaki K (2003) Thermostable and alkaline-tolerant microbial cellulose-free xylanases produced from agricultural wastes and the properties required for use in pulp bleaching bioprocesses: a review. Process Biochem 38:1327–1340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tenkanen M, Siika-aho M (2000) An alpha-glucuronidase of Schizophyllum commune acting on polymeric xylan. J Biotechnol 78(2):149–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tenkanen M, Viikari L, Buchert J (1997) Use of acid-tolerant xylanase for bleaching of kraft pulps. Biotechnol Tech 1112:935–938

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Törrönen A, Rouvinen J (1997) Structural and functional properties of low molecular weight endo-1,4-β-xylanases. J Biotechnol 57:137–149

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turunen O, Etuaho K, Fenel F, Vehmaanperä J, Wu X, Rouvinen J, Leisola M (2001) A combination of weakly stabilizing mutations whit a disulfide bridge in the α-helix region of Trichoderma reesei endo-1,4-β-xylanase II increases the thermal stability through synergism. J Biotechnol 88:37–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Twomey LN, Pluske JR, Rowe JB, Choct M, Brown W, McConnell MF, Pethick DW (2003) The effects of increasing levels of soluble non-starch polysaccharides and inclusion of feed enzymes in dog diets on faecal quality and digestibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol 108(1–4):71–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uffen RL (1997) Xylan degradation: a glimpse at microbial diversity. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 19:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Peij NNME, Brinkmann J, Vrsanská M, Visser J, de Graaff LH (1997) β-xylosidase activity, encoded by xlnD, is essential for complete hydrolysis of xylan by Aspergillus niger but not for induction of the xylanolytic enzyme spectrum. Eur J Biochem 245:164–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vardakou M, Katapodis P, Samiotaki M, Kekos D, Panayotou G, Christakopoulos P (2003) Mode of action of family 10 and 11 endoxylanases on water-unextractable arabinoxylan. Int J Biol Macromol 33(1–3):129–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viikari L, Sundquist J, Kettunen J (1991) Xylanase enzymes promote pulp bleaching. Paper Timber 73:384–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Viikari L, Kantelinen A, Sundquist J, Linko M (1994) Xylanases in bleaching, from an idea to the industry. FEMS Microbiol Rev 13:335–350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whistler RL, Richards EL (1970) Hemicelluloses. In: Pigman W, Horton D (eds) The carbohydrates. Academic Press, New York, pp 447–469

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitmire D, Miti B (2002) Xylanase effects on pulp delignification. Chem Eng Commun 189(5):608–622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson G, Faulds CB, Kroon PA (1998) Specificity of ferulic acid (feruloyl) esterases. Biochem Soc Trans 26(2):205–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong KKY, Saddler JN (1993) Applications of hemicellulases in the food, feed, and pulp and paper industries. In: Coughlan MP, Hazlewood GP (eds) Hemicelluloses and hemicellulases. Portland Press, London, pp 127–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong KKY, Tan LUL, Saddler JN (1988) Multiplicity of β-1,4-xylanase in microorganisms, functions and applications. Microbiol Rev 52(3):305–317

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zanoelo FF, Polizeli MLTM, Terenzi HF, Jorge JA (2004) Purification and biochemical properties of a thermostable xylose-tolerant β-D-xylosidase from Scytalidium thermophilum. J Ind Microbiol Biotech 31:170–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao J, Li X, Qu Y, Gao P (2002) Xylanase pretreatment leads to enhanced soda pulping of wheat straw. Enzyme Microb Technol 30:734–740

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre , 14040–901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

    M. L. T. M. Polizeli, A. C. S. Rizzatti, H. F. Terenzi, J. A. Jorge & D. S. Amorim

  2. Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rodovia Araraquara/Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil

    R. Monti

Authors
  1. M. L. T. M. Polizeli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. C. S. Rizzatti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. Monti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. H. F. Terenzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. J. A. Jorge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. D. S. Amorim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. L. T. M. Polizeli.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Polizeli, M.L.T.M., Rizzatti, A.C.S., Monti, R. et al. Xylanases from fungi: properties and industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 67, 577–591 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-1904-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-1904-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation