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Environmental isotope study of seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifer (Syria)

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Environmental Geology

Abstract

Seawater intrusion into the shallow aquifer in the Syrian coast, north of Latakia (Damsarkho, Ras Ibn Hani) and south of Tartous (Al Hamidieh, Ein Zarka) was studied using hydrochemical and isotopic techniques. The electrical conductivity (EC) distribution map north of Latakia revealed that mixing in this area is the consequence of a frontal intrusion of seawater within the fresh groundwater aquifer which, in turn, results from intensive pumping since the 1960s which has lowered the water table inland below sea level. In Ein Zarka, south of Tartous, in contrast, the EC distribution revealed that seawater intrusion is due to local up-coning as a result of intensive pumping. The deuterium and oxygen-18 relationship is that of a mixing line with a slope of 5.55, indicating an intrusion between freshwater and seawater. In addition, the relationship between oxygen-18 and chloride reveals that the mixing has a dominant role compared to evaporation process. The mixing ratios are estimated to be between 6 and 10% north of Latakia, while they do not exceed 3% south of Tartous. A tritium model was applied to compute the “mean transit time”, which is estimated to be around 10 years, on average, to reach the equilibrium that existed originally between the fresh groundwater and seawater, provided that severe pumping is completely halted and the aquifer is naturally recharged by rainfall and deep percolation of irrigation water, thereby allowing the restoration of the hydraulic gradient.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Prof. Dr. I. Othman, General Director of the Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, for his encouragement and support. Many thanks are extended to Dr. Y. Yurtsever, the technical officer of the project in IAEA, and to the Isotope Hydrology laboratory team for their help in performing the isotopic analyses.

Thanks are due to the head of the chemical department and the head of protection and its staff for performing the chemical analyses. Finally, we thank all our colleagues in the Geology Department, especially Mrs. R. Saadeh and Mr. B. Kattaa for their great effort in drawing the maps, Mr. J. Naameh for his help in the field work and Mr. I. Abou Madi for performing the isotopic and chemical analyses.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria

    Boulos Abou Zakhem & Rania Hafez

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  1. Boulos Abou Zakhem
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  2. Rania Hafez
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Correspondence to Boulos Abou Zakhem.

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This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Y. Yurtsever.

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Abou Zakhem, B., Hafez, R. Environmental isotope study of seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifer (Syria). Environ Geol 51, 1329–1339 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0431-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0431-x

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