Abstract
Mining affects the environment in different ways depending on the physical context in which the mining occurs. In mining areas with an arid environment, mining affects plants’ growth by changing the amount of available water. This paper discusses the effects of mining on two important determinants of plant growth—soil moisture and groundwater table (GWT)—which were investigated using an integrated approach involving a field sampling investigation with remote sensing (RS) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR). To calculate and map the distribution of soil moisture for a target area, we initially analyzed four models for regression analysis between soil moisture and apparent thermal inertia and finally selected a linear model for modeling the soil moisture at a depth 10 cm; the relative error of the modeled soil moisture was about 6.3% and correlation coefficient 0.7794. A comparison of mined and unmined areas based on the results of limited field sampling tests or RS monitoring of Landsat 5-thermatic mapping (TM) data indicated that soil moisture did not undergo remarkable changes following mining. This result indicates that mining does not have an effect on soil moisture in the Shendong coal mining area. The coverage of vegetation in 2005 was compared with that in 1995 by means of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) deduced from TM data, and the results showed that the coverage of vegetation in Shendong coal mining area has improved greatly since 1995 because of policy input RMB¥0.4 per ton coal production by Shendong Coal Mining Company. The factor most affected by coal mining was GWT, which dropped from a depth of 35.41 m before mining to a depth of 43.38 m after mining at the Bulianta Coal Mine based on water well measurements. Ground-penetrating radar at frequencies of 25 and 50 MHz revealed that the deepest GWT was at about 43.4 m. There was a weak water linkage between the unsaturated zone and groundwater, and the decline of water table primarily resulted from the well pumping for mining safety rather than the movement of cracking strata. This result is in agreement with the measurements of the water wells. The roots of nine typical plants in the study area were investigated. Populus was found to have the deepest root system with a depth of about 26 m. Based on an assessment of plant growth demands and the effect of mining on environmental factors, we concluded that mining will have less of an effect on plant growth at those sites where the primary GWT depth before mining was deep enough to be unavailable to plants. If the primary GWT was available for plant growth before mining, especially to those plants with deeper roots, mining will have a significant effect on the growth of plants and the mechanism of this effect will include the loss of water to roots and damage to the root system.
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Acknowledgments
The investigations were funded by the Shendong Coal Mining Company. The investigations were also supported by the 111 project with approval no. B07028, the project for Ph.D. program with approval no. 20060290511, the project for new century talents with approval no. NCET-04-0487 and the project for authors of excellent Ph.D. dissertations with approval no. 200044 hosted by Ministry of Education of China. We are grateful to Mr. Zhao Yongfeng, Deputy General Manager of Shendong Coal Mining Company for hosting meetings to discuss the research program and the progress of the investigation. We would like to thank Mr. Lilin, hydrological engineer of Shendong Coal Mining Company for providing geological data of the research areas. We are grateful to all of participants from The Agricultural University of Inner Mongolia, China University of Mining and technology and Shendong Coal Mining Company for their honest collaboration.
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Bian, Z., Lei, S., Inyang, H.I. et al. Integrated method of RS and GPR for monitoring the changes in the soil moisture and groundwater environment due to underground coal mining. Environ Geol 57, 131–142 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1289-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1289-x