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Assessment of the Water Quality and Ecosystem Health of the Great Barrier Reef (Australia): Conceptual Models

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Abstract

Run-off containing increased concentrations of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides from land-based anthropogenic activities is a significant influence on water quality and the ecologic conditions of nearshore areas of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area, Australia. The potential and actual impacts of increased pollutant concentrations range from bioaccumulation of contaminants and decreased photosynthetic capacity to major shifts in community structure and health of mangrove, coral reef, and seagrass ecosystems. A detailed conceptual model underpins and illustrates the links between the main anthropogenic pressures or threats (dry-land cattle grazing and intensive sugar cane cropping) and the production of key contaminants or stressors of Great Barrier Reef water quality. The conceptual model also includes longer-term threats to Great Barrier Reef water quality and ecosystem health, such as global climate change, that will potentially confound direct model interrelationships. The model recognises that system-specific attributes, such as monsoonal wind direction, rainfall intensity, and flood plume residence times, will act as system filters to modify the effects of any water-quality system stressor. The model also summarises key ecosystem responses in ecosystem health that can be monitored through indicators at catchment, riverine, and marine scales. Selected indicators include riverine and marine water quality, inshore coral reef and seagrass status, and biota pollutant burdens. These indicators have been adopted as components of a long-term monitoring program to enable assessment of the effectiveness of change in catchment-management practices in improving Great Barrier Reef (and adjacent catchment) water quality under the Queensland and Australian Governments’ Reef Water Quality Protection Plan.

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Acknowledgments

The development of the concepts presented in this paper was supported by the Australian Government through Natural Heritage Trust funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, PO Box 1379, Townsville, 4810, Australia

    David Haynes & Deb Bass

  2. Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia

    Jon Brodie & Zoe Bainbridge

  3. CSIRO, Townsville, 4810, Australia

    Jane Waterhouse

  4. Water Studies Centre, Monash University Water Science Pty Ltd, Melbourne, 3800, Australia

    Barry Hart

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  1. David Haynes
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Correspondence to David Haynes.

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Haynes, D., Brodie, J., Waterhouse, J. et al. Assessment of the Water Quality and Ecosystem Health of the Great Barrier Reef (Australia): Conceptual Models. Environmental Management 40, 993–1003 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-007-9009-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-007-9009-y

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