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Different habitat use strategies by subadult and adult ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in the Bering and Chukchi seas

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Abstract

Habitat partitioning by adult and subadult ringed seals (Phoca hispida) is poorly understood. Conclusions about displacement of subadult seals to suboptimal offshore habitat are largely based on nearshore observations as few satellite tagging studies include data from winter months. In this study, movement patterns of 14 subadult and 11 adult ringed seals were monitored in the Bering and Chukchi seas using satellite-linked telemetry. Seals were captured in Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, during October 2007 and 2008 and tracked for 17–297 days. Subadult ringed seals traveled south from the Chukchi Sea into the Bering Sea (\( \bar{x} \) = 36 km/day) as sea ice coverage increased during November and December, remained ~1,000 km south near the ice edge during winter and returned north in the spring with the receding ice edge. Adults remained in the Chukchi and northern Bering seas, where their movements were more localized (\( \bar{x} \) = 22 km/day). Adults were on average 322 km farther from the ice edge and 48 km closer to land and shorefast ice than were subadults. During winter, adult ringed seals construct and maintain breathing holes through the ice, and in spring, females give birth in subnivean lairs, mostly in shorefast ice; adult males defend breeding territories around those lairs. Our results show that subadult ringed seals, unconstrained by the need to maintain territories that contain stable breeding/pupping habitat, moved south to the Bering Sea ice edge, where there are better feeding opportunities, lower energetic costs (no breathing hole maintenance), and less exposure to predation.

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Acknowledgments

This study was conducted through extensive cooperation by the Native Village of Kotzebue, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) and the University of Alaska, Fairbanks. The success of the study was largely due to “hunter-biologist” research assistants John Goodwin, Edward Ahyakak, Jeff Barger, Cyrus Harris, Doc Harris, Grover Harris, Grover Harris Jr., Lee Harris, Jerry Jones, and Pearl Goodwin. We could not have conducted this study without John Goodwin’s extensive knowledge about local environmental conditions and seal behavior and his commitment to making this project a success. The Selawik National Wildlife Refuge provided housing for the field crew in Kotzebue. This project was funded by a US Department of the Interior, Tribal Wildlife Grant for Federally Recognized Tribes, Shell Exploration and Production Co., and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through ADF&G. Ringed seal tagging was conducted under NMFS Research Permit No. 358-1787-01 and an approved protocol by the ADF&G Animal Care and Use Committee No. 06-16.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 1300 College Road, Fairbanks, AK, 99701, USA

    Justin A. Crawford & Lori T. Quakenbush

  2. School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99774, USA

    Kathryn J. Frost

  3. 73-4388 Paiaha Street, Kailua-Kona, HI, 96740, USA

    Kathryn J. Frost

  4. Native Village of Kotzebue, Box 296, Kotzebue, AK, 99752, USA

    Alex Whiting

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  1. Justin A. Crawford
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Correspondence to Justin A. Crawford.

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Crawford, J.A., Frost, K.J., Quakenbush, L.T. et al. Different habitat use strategies by subadult and adult ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in the Bering and Chukchi seas. Polar Biol 35, 241–255 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-011-1067-1

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