Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Influences of die channel angles on microstructures and wear behaviors of AZ61 wrought magnesium alloy fabricated by extrusion-shear process

  • Published:
Applied Physics A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 15 May 2023

This article has been updated

Abstract

Extrusion-shear (ES) process for magnesium alloy is a newly developed plastic deformation process, and ES process combines direct extrusion and two steps of ECAE (equal channel angular extrusion). To investigate the effects of the die channel angles on the microstructures and wear behaviors of AZ61 wrought magnesium alloy, the samples used in this study were fabricated by ES process with different die channel angles (120° and 135°). The microstructures of the samples were characterized by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and (SEM). The cumulative strains in the ES process were predicted by approaches of numerical simulation and theoretical calculation. To characterize the wear resistance of the samples, pin-on-disk tests under dry sliding conditions with various normal loads and reciprocating frequencies were conducted. To define the wear mechanisms of AZ61 magnesium alloy, the worn surfaces after wear tests were analyzed by SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). Based on the results obtained, die channel angles have significant influences on the grain refinements and wear behaviors of the samples. Decreasing channel angles of the ES die will not only refine the microstructures of magnesium alloys effectively and improve their harnesses, but also improve their wear resistance as decreasing channel angles results in higher friction coefficients and wear rates. With the increase in applied loads and frequencies, wear mechanisms change from mild wear (adhesion, abrasion and oxidation) to severe wear (delamination, plastic deformation and melting). In summary, the wear resistance of ES-processed AZ61 magnesium alloy could be improved by decreasing channel angles of ES dies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

References

  1. D.S. Mehta, S.H. Masood, W.Q. Song, Investigation of wear properties of magnesium and aluminum alloys for automotive applications. J. Mater. Process. Technol. s155–s156, 1526–1531 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. L. Wang, Y. He, J. Zhou, J. Duszczyk, Effect of temperature on the frictional behaviour of an aluminium alloy sliding against steel during ball-on-disc tests. Tribol. Int. 43, 299–306 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. A.S. Anasyida, A.R. Daud, M.J. Ghazali, Dry sliding wear behaviour of Al–12Si–4Mg alloy with cerium addition. Mater. Des. 31, 365–374 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. S.A. Selvan, S. Ramanathan, Dry sliding wear behavior of as-cast ZE41A magnesium alloy. Mater. Des. 31, 1930–1936 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. C. Taltavull, P. Rodrigo, B. Torres, A.J. López, J. Rams, Dry sliding wear behavior of AM50B magnesium alloy. Mater. Des. 56, 549–556 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Y. Fouad, M.E. Batanouny, Effect of surface treatment on wear behavior of magnesium alloy AZ31. World Pumps 50, 19–22 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  7. J. Liang, L. Hu, J. Hao, Characterization of microarc oxidation coatings formed on AM60B magnesium alloy in silicate and phosphate electrolytes. Appl. Surf. Sci. 253, 4490–4496 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Hİ. Demirci, H. Evlen, Effect of extrusion ratio on the wear behaviour of Al–Si and Al–Mg alloys. J. Alloy. Compd. 510, 26–32 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. S.A. Selvan, S. Ramanathan, Dry sliding wear behavior of hot extruded ZE41A magnesium alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng.: A 527, 1815–1820 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. V.M. Segal, V.I. Renikov, A.E. Drobyshevkii et al., Plastic metal working by simple shear[J]. Metallurgy 1, 115–123 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  11. K. Matsubara, Y. Miyahara, Z. Horita, T.G. Langdon, Developing superplasticity in a magnesium alloy through a combination of extrusion and ecap. Acta Mater. 51, 3073–3084 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. D. Orlov, G. Raab, T.T. Lamark, M. Popov, Y. Estrin, Improvement of mechanical properties of magnesium alloy ZK60 by integrated extrusion and equal channel angular pressing. Acta Mater. 59, 375–385 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. P. Nautiyal, J. Jain, A. Agarwal, Influence of microstructure on scratch-induced deformation mechanisms in AZ80 magnesium alloy. Tribol. Lett. 61, 1–7 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. X.D. Niu, D.Q. An, X. Han, W. Sun, T.F. Su, J. An et al., Effects of loading and sliding speed on the dry sliding wear behavior of Mg-3Al-0.4Si magnesium alloy. Tribol. Trans. (2016). doi:10.1080/10402004.2016.1158890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. C.S. Ramesh, R. Keshavamurthy, B.H. Channabasappa, S. Pramod, Friction and wear behavior of Ni–P coated Si3N4, reinforced Al6061 composites. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 211, 1423–1431 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. L. Feng, Y. Zhu, W. Fan, Y. Wang, X. Qiang, Y. Liu, Fabrication and corrosion resistance of superhydrophobic magnesium alloy. Appl. Phys. A 120, 561–570 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. Y. Feng, S.L. Burkett, Modeling a copper/carbon nanotube composite for applications in electronic packaging. Comput. Mater. Sci. 97, 1–5 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. X. Wang, X. Gong, K. Chou, Review on powder-bed laser additive manufacturing of Inconel 718 parts. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part B: J Eng Manuf 1, 1–14 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Q. Chen, B.G. Yuan, J. Lin, X.S. Xia, Z.D. Zhao, D.Y. Shu, Comparisons of microstructure, thixoformability and mechanical properties of high performance wrought magnesium alloys reheated from the as-cast and extruded states. J. Alloy. Compd. 584, 63–75 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Z.D. Zhao, Q. Chen, H.Y. Chao, S.H. Huang, Microstructural evolution and tensile mechanical properties of thixoforged ZK60-Y magnesium alloys produced by two different routes. Mater. Des. 31, 1906–1916 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. X. Wang, T. Keya, K. Chou, Build height effect on the Inconel 718 parts fabricated by selective laser melting. Procedia Manuf. 5, 1006–1017 (2016). doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2016.08.089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Y. Feng, K. Chen, Dry transfer of chemical-vapor-deposition-grown graphene onto liquid-sensitive surfaces for tunnel junction applications. Nanotechnology 26(3), 035302 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. Xiaoping Luo, Li Kang, Qiushu Li, Yuesheng Chai, Microstructure and hot compression deformation of the as-cast Mg–5.0 Sn–1.5 Y–0.1 Zr alloy. Appl. Phys. A 120, 699–705 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Q. Chen, G. Chen, L.N. Han, N. Hu, F. Han, Z.D. Zhao, X.S. Xia, Y.Y. Wan, Microstructure evolution of SiCp/ZM6 (Mg-Nd-Zn) magnesium matrix composite in the semi-solid state. J. Alloy. Compd. 656, 67–76 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Y. Feng, S. Huang, K. Kang, Y. Qi, Y. Feng, F. You, Decrease of the off state current of carbon nanotube field effect transistors via continuous repeated gate sweeping. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 11(12), 10544–10547 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. X. Gong, X. Wang, V. Cole, Z. Jones, K. Cooper, K. Chou, Characterization of microstructure and mechanical property of Inconel 718 from selective laser melting, in ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science Engineering Conference, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015, p. V001T02A061-V001T02A061

  27. A. Berkdemir, M. Gündüz, Effect of growth rate and Mg content on dendrite tip characteristics of Al–Cu–Mg ternary alloys. Appl. Phys. A 96, 873–886 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Q. Chen, Z.D. Zhao, G. Chen, B. Wang, Effect of accumulative plastic deformation on generation of spheroidal structure, thixoformability and mechanical properties of large-size AM60 magnesium alloy. J. Alloys Compd 632, 190–200 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. X. Wang, K. Chou, Residual stress in metal parts produced by powder-bed additive manufacturing processes, in International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin, Texas, USA, 2015, p. 1463–1474

  30. Y. Feng, K. Lee, H. Farhat, J. Kong, Current on/off ratio enhancement of field effect transistors with bundled carbon nanotubes. J. Appl. Phys. 106(10), 104505 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. G. Faraji, M.M. Mashhadi, K. Abrinia, H.S. Kim, Deformation behavior in the tubular channel angular pressing (TCAP) as a noble SPD method for cylindrical tubes. Appl. Phys. A 107, 819–827 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. A.V. Nagasekhar, Y. Tick-Hon, K.S. Ramakanth, Mechanics of single pass equal channel angular extrusion of powder in tubes. Appl. Phys. A 85, 185–194 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. X. Wang, X. Gong, K. Chou, Scanning speed effect on mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy processed by electron beam additive manufacturing. Procedia Manuf. 1, 287–295 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. J.C. Crivello, B. Dam, R.V. Denys, M. Dornheim, D.M. Grant, J. Huot et al., Review of magnesium hydride-based materials: development and optimisation. Appl. Phys. A 122, 1–20 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. M. Chen, X.D. Hu, B. Han, X.H. Deng, D.Y. Ju, Study on the microstructural evolution of AZ31 magnesium alloy in a vertical twin-roll casting process. Appl. Phys. A 122, 1–10 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research is funded by Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology (cstc2015jcyjBX0054), National Science Foundation of China (No.51101176), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project (2015T81087 and 2014M552575).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400050, China

    Hong-J Hu & Z. Sun

  2. Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, 643000, China

    Hong-J Hu & Z-W Ou

Authors
  1. Hong-J Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Z. Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Z-W Ou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hong-J Hu.

Additional information

The original online version of this article was revised: Fig .3 was replaced.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hu, HJ., Sun, Z. & Ou, ZW. Influences of die channel angles on microstructures and wear behaviors of AZ61 wrought magnesium alloy fabricated by extrusion-shear process. Appl. Phys. A 122, 1057 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-0605-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-0605-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation