Skip to main content
Log in

Laser-induced incandescence: recent trends and current questions

  • Published:
Applied Physics B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of a workshop focused on fundamental experimental and theoretical aspects of soot measurements by laser-induced incandescence (LII). This workshop was held in Duisburg, Germany in September 2005. The goal of the workshop was to review the current understanding of the technique and identify gaps in this understanding associated with experimental implementation, model descriptions, and signal interpretation. The results of this workshop suggest that uncertainties in the understanding of this technique are sufficient to lead to large variability among model predictions from different LII models, among measurements using different experimental approaches, and between modeled and measured signals, even under well-defined conditions. This article summarizes the content and conclusions of the workshop, discusses controversial topics and areas of disagreement identified during the workshop, and highlights recent important references related to these topics. It clearly demonstrates that despite the widespread application of LII for soot-concentration and particle-size measurements there is still a significant lack in fundamental understanding for many of the underlying physical processes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J.E. Dec, SAE Tech. Paper Ser. 920115 (1992)

  2. J.E. Dec, A.O. zur Loye, D.L. Siebers, SAE Tech. Paper Ser. 910224 (1991)

  3. C. Espey, J.E. Dec, SAE Tech. Paper Ser. 930971 (1993)

  4. N.P. Tait, D.A. Greenhalgh, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 97, 1619 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  5. R.L. Vander Wal, K.J. Weiland, Appl. Phys. B 59, 445 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. R.L. Vander Wal, D.L. Dietrich, Appl. Opt. 34, 1103 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. T. Ni, J.A. Pinson, S. Gupta, R.J. Santoro, Appl. Opt. 34, 7083 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. J.A. Pinson, D.L. Mitchell, R.J. Santoro, SAE Tech. Paper Ser. 932650 (1993)

  9. C.R. Shaddix, K.C. Smyth, Combust. Flame 107, 418 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  10. C. Allouis, A. D’Alessio, C. Noviello, F. Beretta, Combust. Sci. Technol. 153, 51 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  11. A.V. Filippov, M.W. Markus, P. Roth, J. Aerosol Sci. 30, 71 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  12. B. Mewes, J.M. Seitzman, Appl. Opt. 36, 709 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. B. Quay, T.-W. Lee, T. Ni, R.J. Santoro, Combust. Flame 97, 384 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  14. P. Roth, O. Brandt, S. von Gersum, Proc. Combust. Inst. 23, 1485 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  15. S. Schraml, S. Will, A. Leipertz, SAE Tech. Paper Ser. 1999-01-0146 (1999)

  16. B. Axelsson, R. Collin, P.-E. Bengtsson, Appl. Opt. 39, 3683 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. S. Will, S. Schraml, K. Bader, A. Leipertz, Appl. Opt. 37, 5647 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. S. Will, S. Schraml, A. Leipertz, Opt. Lett. 20, 2342 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. B. Axelsson, R. Collin, P.-E. Bengtsson, Appl. Phys. B 72, 367 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. D.R. Snelling, G.J. Smallwood, F. Liu, Ö.L. Gülder, W.D. Bachalo, Appl. Opt. 44, 6773 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. J. Appel, B. Jungfleisch, M. Marquardt, R. Suntz, H. Bockhorn, Proc. Combust. Inst. 26, 2387 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  22. H. Bockhorn, H. Geitlinger, B. Jungfleisch, T. Lehre, A. Schön, T. Streibel, R. Suntz, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 4, 3780 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  23. B.F. Kock, T. Eckhardt, P. Roth, Proc. Combust. Inst. 29, 2775 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  24. D.R. Snelling, G.J. Smallwood, R. Sawchuk, W.S. Neill, D. Gareau, W. Chippior, F. Liu, W. Bachalo, Ö.L. Gülder, SAE Tech. Paper Ser. 2000-01-1994 (2000)

  25. M.S. Tsurikov, K.P. Geigle, V. Krüger, Y. Schneider-Kühnle, W. Stricker, R. Lückerath, R. Hadef, M. Aigner, Combust. Sci. Technol. 177, 1835 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  26. R.W. Weeks, W.W. Duley, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 4661 (1973)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. A.C. Eckbreth, J. Appl. Phys. 48, 4473 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. L.A. Melton, Appl. Opt. 23, 2201 (1984)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. D.L. Hofeldt, SAE Tech. Paper Ser. 930079 (1993)

  30. P. Roth, A.V. Filippov, J. Aerosol Sci. 27, 95 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  31. K.R. McManus, J.H. Frank, M.G. Allen, W.T. Rawlins, in Proc. Am. Inst. Aeronautics and Astronautics, Vol. 36, AIAA 98-0159 (1998)

  32. S. Schraml, S. Dankers, K. Bader, S. Will, A. Leipertz, Combust. Flame 120, 439 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  33. D. Snelling, F. Liu, G.J. Smallwood, Ö.L. Gülder, in Proc. 34th National Heat Transfer Conf., NHTC 2000-12132, Pittsburgh, PA, Aug. 20–22 (2000)

  34. G.J. Smallwood, D. Snelling, F. Liu, Ö.L. Gülder, J. Heat Transf. 123, 814 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  35. T. Schittkowski, B. Mewes, D. Brüggemann, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 4, 2063 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  36. C. Allouis, F. Beretta, A. D’Alessio, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 27, 455 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  37. H. Bladh, P.-E. Bengtsson, Appl. Phys. B 78, 241 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. T. Lehre, B. Jungfleisch, R. Suntz, H. Bockhorn, Appl. Opt. 42, 2021 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. H.A. Michelsen, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 7012 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. H.A. Michelsen, P.O. Witze, D. Kayes, S. Hochgreb, Appl. Opt. 42, 5577 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. D.R. Snelling, F. Liu, G.J. Smallwood, Ö.L. Gülder, Combust. Flame 136, 180 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  42. V. Krüger, C. Wahl, R. Hadef, K.P. Geigle, W. Stricker, M. Aigner, Meas. Sci. Technol. 16, 1477 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. B.F. Kock, C. Schulz, P. Roth, Combust. Flame, in press (2006)

  44. R. Hadef, V. Krüger, K.P. Geigle, M.S. Tsurikov, Y. Schneider-Kühnle, M. Aigner, Int. Rev. Inst. Fr. Pétrole, in press (2005)

  45. F. Liu, B.J. Stagg, D.R. Snelling, G.J. Smallwood, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 49, 777 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  46. F. Liu, G.J. Smallwood, D.R. Snelling, J. Quantum Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 93, 301 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. W.H. Dalzell, A.F. Sarofim, J. Heat Transf. 91, 100 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  48. B.J. McCoy, C.Y. Cha, Chem. Eng. Sci. 29, 381 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  49. H.R. Leider, O.H. Krikorian, D.A. Young, Carbon 11, 555 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  50. S.S. Krishnan, K.-C. Lin, G.M. Faeth, J. Heat Transf. 123, 331 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  51. S.C. Lee, C.L. Tien, Proc. Combust. Inst. 18, 1159 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  52. R. Starke, B. Kock, P. Roth, Shock Waves 12, 351 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. B.F. Kock, C. Kayan, J. Knipping, H.R. Orthner, P. Roth, Proc. Combust. Inst. 30, 1689 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  54. H. Chang, T.T. Charalampopoulos, Proc. R. Soc. London. Ser. A 430, 577 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. A.V. Filippov, D.E. Rosner, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 43, 127 (2000)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  56. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics (Wiley, New York, 1986)

    Google Scholar 

  57. E.A. Rohlfing, J. Chem. Phys. 89, 6103 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. C.B. Stipe, J.H. Choi, D. Lucas, C.P. Koshland, R.F. Sawyer, J. Nanopart. Res. 6, 467 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  59. P.-E. Bengtsson, M. Aldén, Appl. Phys. B 60, 51 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. C. Schoemaecker Moreau, E. Therssen, X. Mercier, J.F. Pauwels, P. Desgroux, Appl. Phys. B 78, 485 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. D.S. Coe, J.I. Steinfeld, Chem. Phys. Lett. 76, 485 (1980)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. F. Ossler, T. Metz, M. Aldén, Appl. Phys. B 72, 479 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. F. Ossler, T. Metz, M. Aldén, Appl. Phys. B 72, 465 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. A. Leipertz, F. Ossler, M. Aldén, in Applied Combustion Diagnostics, ed. by K. Kohse-Höinghaus, J.B. Jeffries (Taylor and Francis, New York, 2002), pp. 359–383

  65. R.L. Vander Wal, Proc. Combust. Inst. 27, 2269 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  66. R.L. Vander Wal, K.A. Jensen, M.Y. Choi, Combust. Flame 109, 399 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  67. R.L. Vander Wal, Combust. Flame 112, 607 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  68. K.C. Smyth, C.R. Shaddix, D.A. Everest, Combust. Flame 111, 185 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  69. P. Andreussi, B. Barbieri, L. Petarca, Combust. Sci. Technol. 49, 123 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  70. A. Gomez, M.G. Littman, I. Glassman, Combust. Flame 70, 225 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  71. L. Petarca, F. Marconi, Combust. Flame 78, 308 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  72. F. Cignoli, S. Benecchi, G. Zizak, Opt. Lett. 17, 229 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. C.S. McEnally, L.D. Pfefferle, Combust. Flame 121, 607 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  74. A. Ciajolo, B. Apicella, R. Barbella, A. Tregrosso, F. Beretta, C. Allouis, Energ. Fuel. 15, 987 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  75. T.L. Farias, M.G. Carvalho, Ü.Ö. Köylü, G.M. Faeth, J. Heat Transf. 117, 152 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  76. T.L. Farias, Ü.Ö. Köylü, M.G. Carvalho, Appl. Opt. 35, 6560 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. G.W. Mulholland, R.D. Mountain, Combust. Flame 119, 56 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  78. G.W. Mulholland, C.F. Bohren, K.A. Fuller, Langmuir 10, 2533 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  79. R.L. Vander Wal, Appl. Opt. 35, 6548 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. M. Hofmann, W.G. Bessler, C. Schulz, H. Jander, Appl. Opt. 42, 2052 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. D.J. Bryce, N. Ladommatos, H. Zhao, Appl. Opt. 39, 5012 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. R.L. Vander Wal, K.A. Jensen, Appl. Opt. 37, 1607 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. H. Bladh, P.E. Bengtsson, J. Delhay, Y. Bouvier, E. Therssen, P. Desgroux, Appl. Phys. B (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00340-006-2197-y

  84. P. Monchicourt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1430 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. S. Arepalli, C.D. Scott, Chem. Phys. Lett. 302, 139 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. S. Arepalli, P. Nikolaev, W. Holmes, C.D. Scott, Appl. Phys. A 70, 125 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. A.A. Puretzky, D.B. Geohegan, X. Fan, S.J. Pennycook, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 182 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. R.L. Vander Wal, T.M. Ticich, A.B. Stephens, Appl. Phys. B 67, 115 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. W. Koechner, Solid-State Laser Engineering (Springer, Berlin, 1999)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  90. D. Choi, M. Iwamuro, Y. Shima, J. Senda, H. Fujimoto, SAE Tech. Paper Ser. 2001-01-1255 (2001)

  91. A.E. Greis, G. Grünefeld, M. Becker, S. Pischinger, Quantitative measurements of the soot distribution in a realistic common rail D.I. Diesel engine. In 11th Int. Symp. Application of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics, Lisbon, 2002

  92. T.R. Meyer, S. Roy, V.M. Belovich, E. Corporan, J.R. Gord, Appl. Opt. 44, 445 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. B.F. Kock, P. Roth, Two-color TR-LII applied to in-cylinder Diesel particle sizing. In Proc. Eur. Combustion Meet., Orléans (2003)

  94. G.D. Yoder, P.K. Diwakar, D.W. Hahn, Appl. Opt. 20, 4211 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. P.O. Witze, S. Hochgreb, D. Kayes, H.A. Michelsen, C.R. Shaddix, Appl. Opt. 40, 2443 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. C.J. Dasch, Appl. Opt. 23, 2209 (1984)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. G.J. Smallwood, D. Clavel, D. Gareau, R.A. Sawchuk, D.R. Snelling, P.O. Witze, B. Axelsson, W.D. Bachalo, Ö.L. Gülder, SAE Tech. Paper Ser. 2002-01-2715 (2002)

  98. S.S. Krishnan, K.C. Lin, G.M. Faeth, J. Heat Transf. 122, 517 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  99. M.Y. Choi, G.W. Mulholland, A. Hamins, T. Kashiwagi, Combust. Flame 102, 161 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  100. M. Schnaiter, H. Horvath, O. Mohler, K.-H. Naumann, H. Saathoff, O.W. Schock, J. Aerosol Sci. 34, 1421 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  101. C.W. Bruce, T.F. Stromberg, K.P. Gurton, J.B. Mozer, Appl. Opt. 30, 1537 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. R.A. Dobbins, G.W. Mulholland, N.P. Bryner, Atmos. Environ. 28, 889 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  103. D.R. Snelling, K.A. Thomson, G.J. Smallwood, Ö.L. Gülder, E.J. Weckman, R.A. Fraser, AIAA J. 40, 1789 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. V. Beyer, D.A. Greenhalgh, Appl. Phys. B (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00340-006-2238-6

  105. H.A. Michelsen, Appl. Phys. B (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00340-006-2226-x

  106. K.A. Thomson, D.R. Snelling, G.J. Smallwood, F. Liu, Appl. Phys. B (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00340-006-2198-x

  107. J. Delhay, Y. Bouvier, E. Therssen, J.D. Black, P. Desgroux, Appl. Phys. B 81, 181 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. F. Cignoli, S. Benecchi, G. Zizak, Appl. Opt. 33, 5778 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  109. H. Geitlinger, T. Streibel, R. Suntz, H. Bockhorn, Proc. Combust. Inst. 27, 1613 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  110. S. Will, S. Schraml, A. Leipertz, Proc. Combust. Inst. 26, 2277 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  111. T.P. Jenkins, R.K. Hanson, Combust. Flame 126, 1669 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  112. F. Liu, M. Yang, F.A. Hill, D.R. Snelling, G.J. Smallwood, Appl. Phys. B (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00340-006-2196-z

  113. A. Eremin, E. Gurentsov, M. Hofmann, B. Kock, C. Schulz, Appl. Phys. B (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00340-006-2199-9

  114. M.Y. Choi, K.A. Jensen, Combust. Flame 112, 485 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  115. K.P. Geigle, Y. Schneider-Kühnle, M. Tsurikov, R. Hadef, R. Lückerath, V. Krüger, W. Stricker, M. Aigner, Proc. Combust. Inst. 30, 1645 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  116. A.V. Filippov, M. Zurita, D.E. Rosner, J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 229, 261 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  117. A.V. Filippov, D.E. Rosner, J. Aerosol Sci. 30, S473 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  118. D.R. Snelling, G.J. Smallwood, I.G. Campbell, J.E. Medlock, Ö.L. Gülder, Development and application of laser induced incandescence (LII) as a diagnostic for soot particulate measurements. In AGARD 90th Symp. Propulsion and Energetics Panel on Advanced Non-Intrusive Instrumentation for Propulsion Engines, Brussels, Belgium, 1997, 23.1

  119. J. Hult, A. Omrane, A. Nygren, C.F. Kaminsky, B. Axelsson, R. Collin, P.-E. Bengtsson, M. Aldén, Exp. Fluids 33, 265 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  120. M. Charwath, R. Suntz, H. Bockhorn, Appl. Phys. B (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00340-006-2265-3

  121. B. Bougie, L.C. Ganippa, A.P. van Vliet, W.L. Mee rts, N.J. Dam, J.J. ter Meulen, Combust. Flame, in press (2006), DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.03.002

  122. B. Bougie, L.C. Ganippa, N.J. Dam, J.J. ter Meulen, Appl. Phys. B (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00340-006-2195-0

  123. S. Dankers, A. Leipertz, Appl. Opt. 43, 3726 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  124. S.-A. Kuhlmann, J. Schumacher, J. Reimann, S. Will, in Int. Congr. Particle Technology (PARTEC 2004), Nürnberg, Germany (2004), paper No. 93

  125. T. Lehre, Entwicklung einer berührungslosen in-situ Messmethode zur Bestimmung von Größenverteilungen nanoskaliger Teilchen, University of Karlsruhe (2005)

  126. H. Bockhorn, F. Fetting, A. Heddrich, G. Wannemacher, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 91, 819 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  127. J. Lahaye, G. Prado, in Particulate Carbon, Formation During Combustion, ed. by D.C. Siegla, G.W. Smith (Plenum, New York, 1981), p. 33

  128. A.R. Jones, Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci. 25, 1 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  129. C.M. Sorensen, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 35, 648 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  130. A. Doicu, T. Wriedt, Opt. Commun. 190, 13 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  131. P. Yang, K.N. Liou, M.I. Mishchenko, B.-C. Gao, Appl. Opt. 39, 3727 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  132. B.T. Draine, P.J. Flatau, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 1491 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  133. D.R. Snelling, K.A. Thomson, G.J. Smallwood, Ö.L. Gülder, Appl. Opt. 38, 2478 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  134. R.J. Santoro, H.G. Semerjian, R.A. Dobbins, Combust. Flame 51, 203 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  135. Ü.Ö. Köylu, C.S. McEnally, D.E. Rosner, L.D. Pfefferle, Combust. Flame 110, 494 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  136. C.S. McEnally, Ü.Ö. Köylu, L.D. Pfefferle, D.E. Rosner, Combust. Flame 109, 701 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  137. R.A. Dobbins, C.M. Megaridis, Langmuir 3, 254 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  138. R.L. Vander Wal, T.M. Ticich, A.B. Stephens, Combust. Flame 116, 291 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  139. R. Puri, T.F. Richardson, R.J. Santoro, R.A. Dobbins, Combust. Flame 92, 320 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  140. R.J. Santoro, J.H. Miller, Langmuir 3, 244 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  141. R.A. Dobbins, R.A. Fletcher, H.-C. Chang, Combust. Flame 115, 285 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  142. B.J. Stagg, T.T. Charalampopoulos, Combust. Flame 94, 381 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. Schulz.

Additional information

PACS

44.05.+e; 47.70.Pq; 78.70.-g; 65.80.+n; 78.20.Ci

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schulz, C., Kock, B., Hofmann, M. et al. Laser-induced incandescence: recent trends and current questions. Appl. Phys. B 83, 333–354 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-006-2260-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-006-2260-8

Keywords

Navigation