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Effects of Interactions Between Cadmium and Lead on Growth, Nitrogen Fixation, Phytochelatin, and Glutathione Production in Mycorrhizal Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.

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Abstract

Heavy metals (HM) are a unique class of toxicants because they cannot be broken up into nontoxic forms. Excess HM causes stunted growth, upsets mineral nutrition, and affects membrane structure and permeability. High tolerance to HM toxicity is based on reduced metal uptake or increased internal sequestration in a genotype. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are important rhizospheric microorganisms that occur in metal-contaminated soils and perhaps detoxify the potential effects of metals. The aim of this work was to study the role of the AM fungus Glomus mosseae in the alleviation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) toxicities in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) genotypes. The effects of interactions between Cd (25 and 50 mg/kg) and Pb (500 and 800 mg/kg) on plant dry mass, nitrogen metabolism, and production of phytochelatins (PCs) and glutathione (GSH) were monitored with and without AM fungus in genotypes Sel-85N (relatively tolerant) and Sel-141-97 (sensitive). Cd treatments were more toxic than Pb, and their combinations led to synergistic inhibitions to growth and nitrogen-fixing potential (acetylene reduction activity [ARA]) in both genotypes. However, the effects were less deleterious in Sel-85N than in Sel-141-97. Exposure to Cd and Pb significantly increased the levels of PCs in a concentration- and genotype-dependent manner, which could be directly correlated with the intensity of mycorrhizal infection (MI). Stimulation of GSH production was observed under Cd treatments, although no obvious effects on GSH levels were observed under Pb treatments. The metal contents (Cd, Pb) were higher in roots and nodules when compared with that in shoots, which was significantly reduced in the presence of AM fungi. The results indicated that PCs and GSH might function as potential biomarkers for metal toxicity, and microbial inoculations showed bioremediation potential by helping pigeonpea plants to grow in multimetal contaminated soils.

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Acknowledgment

The financial support provided by the University Grant Commission, New Delhi, India, is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India

    Neera Garg & Nalini Aggarwal

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  1. Neera Garg
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  2. Nalini Aggarwal
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Correspondence to Neera Garg.

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Garg, N., Aggarwal, N. Effects of Interactions Between Cadmium and Lead on Growth, Nitrogen Fixation, Phytochelatin, and Glutathione Production in Mycorrhizal Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.. J Plant Growth Regul 30, 286–300 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-010-9191-7

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