Neuro-genetic, neuro-imperialism and genetic programing models in predicting ultimate bearing capacity of pile

Prediction of pile-bearing capacity developing artificial intelligence models has been done over the last decade. Such predictive tools can assist geotechnical engineers to easily determine the ultimate pile bearing capacity instead of conducting any difficult field tests. The main aim of this study is to predict the bearing capacity of pile developing several smart models, i.e., neuro-genetic, neuro-imperialism, genetic programing (GP) and artificial neural network (ANN). For this purpose, a number of concrete pile characteristics and its dynamic load test specifications were investigated to select pile cross-sectional area, pile length, pile set, hammer weight and drop height as five input variables which have the most impacts on pile bearing capacity as the single output variable. It should be noted that all the aforementioned parameters were measured by conducting a series of pile driving analyzer tests on precast concrete piles located in Pekanbaru, Indonesia. The recorded data were used to establish a database of 50 test cases. With regard to data modelling, many smart models of neuro-genetic, neuro-imperialism, GP and ANN were developed and then evaluated based on the three most common statistical indices, i.e., root mean squared error (RMSE), coefficient determination (R²) and variance account for (VAF). Based on the simulation results and the computed indices’ values, it is observed that the proposed GP model with training and test RMSE values of 0.041 and 0.040, respectively, performs noticeably better than the proposed neuro-genetic model with RMSE values of 0.042 and 0.040, neuro-imperialism model with RMSE values of 0.045 and 0.059, and ANN model with RMSE values of 0.116 and 0.108 for training and test sets, respectively. Therefore, this GP-based model can provide a new applicable equation to effectively predict the ultimate pile bearing capacity.