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Mineral inclusions in sublithospheric diamonds from Collier 4 kimberlite pipe, Juina, Brazil: subducted protoliths, carbonated melts and primary kimberlite magmatism

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Abstract

We report on a suite of diamonds from the Cretaceous Collier 4 kimberlite pipe, Juina, Brazil, that are predominantly nitrogen-free type II crystals showing complex internal growth structures. Syngenetic mineral inclusions comprise calcium- and titanium-rich phases with perovskite stoichiometry, Ca-rich majoritic-garnet, clinopyroxene, olivine, TAPP phase, minerals with stoichiometries of CAS and K-hollandite phases, SiO2, FeO, native iron, low-Ni sulfides, and Ca–Mg-carbonate. We divide the diamonds into three groups on the basis of the carbon isotope compositions (δ13C) of diamond core zones. Group 1 diamonds have heavy, mantle-like δ13C (−5 to −10‰) with mineral inclusions indicating a transition zone origin from mafic protoliths. Group 2 diamonds have intermediate δ13C (−12 to −15‰), with inclusion compositions indicating crystallization from near-primary and differentiated carbonated melts derived from oceanic crust in the deep upper mantle or transition zone. A 206Pb/238U age of 101 ± 7 Ma on a CaTiSi-perovskite inclusion (Group 2) is close to the kimberlite emplacement time (93.1 ± 1.5 Ma). Group 3 diamonds have extremely light δ13C (−25‰), and host inclusions have compositions akin to high-pressure–temperature phases expected to be stable in pelagic sediments subducted to transition zone depths. Collectively, the Collier 4 diamonds and their inclusions indicate multi-stage, polybaric growth histories in dynamically changing chemical environments. The young inclusion age, the ubiquitous chemical and isotopic characteristics indicative of subducted materials, and the regional tectonic history, suggest a model in which generation of sublithospheric diamonds and their inclusions, and the proto-kimberlite magmas, are related genetically, temporally and geographically to the interaction of subducted lithosphere and a Cretaceous plume.

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Acknowledgments

Rio Tinto Desinvolvimentos Minerais Ltd. is thanked for access to Juina diamond samples and for permission to publish. Special thanks to R. Hinton and J. Craven at the Edinburgh Ion Microprobe Facility (EIMF) for their helpfulness and expertise in data acquisition. Thanks to D. Canil, T. Stachel and M. Schmidt for thoughtful reviews that improved the manuscript. This work was supported by NERC grant NE/E010466/1 to M.J. Walter.

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  1. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queen’s Rd, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK

    Galina P. Bulanova, Michael J. Walter, Chris B. Smith, Simon C. Kohn, Lora S. Armstrong & Jon Blundy

  2. Rio Tinto Desenvolvimentos Minerais Ltda, Brasília, Brazil

    Luiz Gobbo

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  1. Galina P. Bulanova
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Bulanova, G.P., Walter, M.J., Smith, C.B. et al. Mineral inclusions in sublithospheric diamonds from Collier 4 kimberlite pipe, Juina, Brazil: subducted protoliths, carbonated melts and primary kimberlite magmatism. Contrib Mineral Petrol 160, 489–510 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-010-0490-6

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