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Subretinal electrical stimulation of the rabbit retina with acutely implanted electrode arrays

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Abstract

Background

Subretinal implants intend to replace photoreceptor function in patients suffering from degenerative retinal disease by topically applying electrical stimuli from the subretinal space. This study intended to prove the feasibility of a newly developed transchoroidal surgery and, furthermore, of a subretinal electrode array, which closely resembles envisioned human implants to electrically stimulate the visual system in rabbits.

Methods

Five rabbits (ten eyes) were implanted with a 4×2-electrode array via a transchoroidal access to the subretinal space. The electrodes were connected to an arbitrary stimulus generator to apply voltage pulses. Retinae were accessed by light microscopy after stimulation with various intensities.

Results

The stimulating foil could be introduced into the subretinal space in all eyes. In seven of ten eyes electrically evoked cortical potentials following subretinal electrical stimulation could be elicited. Threshold voltages ranged from less than 0.1 to 2.38 V with a corresponding threshold charge of approximately 1.0 nC per electrode or 10 µC/cm2. Histology revealed localized retinal damage over some of the electrodes succeeding stimulation strengths of 2 V and consistent damage over all electrodes succeeding voltages of 3 V.

Conclusions

The study demonstrates the feasibility of the transchoroidal surgical access to place subretinal implants in rabbit eyes and provides proof of successful cortical activation following subretinal electrical stimulation by an electrode array envisioned for human implantations.

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Acknowledgements

Support for this study was provided by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; grant no. 01KP0008). We gratefully acknowledge the help of our project partners in this work (Institute for Microelectronics, Stuttgart; Institute for Physical Electronics, Stuttgart; Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, Reutlingen; Fraunhofer-Institute for Biomedical Techniques, St. Ingbert; all Germany). E. Eckert was extremely helpful in surgery and animal care. The Ewald+Karin Hochbaum-Stiftung generously supported our work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University Eye Hospital, Schleichstrasse 12–16, 72076, Tübingen, Germany

    Florian Gekeler, Hartmut Normann Schwahn, Kei Shinoda & Eberhart Zrenner

  2. University Eye Hospital, Regensburg, Germany

    Karin Kobuch

  3. Natural and Medical Science Institute, Reutlingen, Germany

    Alfred Stett

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  1. Florian Gekeler
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  2. Karin Kobuch
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  6. Eberhart Zrenner
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Correspondence to Florian Gekeler.

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Gekeler, F., Kobuch, K., Schwahn, H.N. et al. Subretinal electrical stimulation of the rabbit retina with acutely implanted electrode arrays. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 242, 587–596 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-004-0862-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-004-0862-6

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