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Holocene tephrochronology record of large explosive eruptions in the southernmost Patagonian Andes

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Abstract

For regionally widespread Holocene tephra layers in southernmost Patagonia, correlations based on both chemical and chronological data indicate their derivation from five large-volume (>1 km3) explosive eruptions of four different volcanoes in the southernmost Andes. Bulk-tephra and tephra-glass major and trace-element chemistry and Sr isotopic ratios unambiguously distinguish different source volcanoes, and imply that two of the regionally widespread tephra (MB1 and MB2) were derived from Mt. Burney (52°S), one (R1) from Reclus (51°S), one (A1) from Aguilera (50°S) and one (H1) from Hudson volcano (46°S). The H1 tephra derived from the Hudson volcano, which is located at the southern end of the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ; 33–46°S), contains distinctive greenish andesitic glass with FeO > 4.5 wt.% and TiO2 > 1.2 wt.%. In contrast, rhyolitic glass in tephra derived from the eruptions of Mt. Burney, Reclus and Aguilera volcanoes, which are located in the Andean Austral Volcanic Zone (AVZ; 49–55°S), is clear and transparent and has significantly lower FeO and TiO2. Tephra derived from these three AVZ volcanoes all contain plagioclase, orthopyroxene, minor clinopyroxene and amphibole. Biotite occurs only in the Aguilera A1 tephra, which also has the highest bulk-tephra and tephra-glass K2O and Rb contents. Averages of new and published 14C ages determined on organic material in soil and sediment samples above and below these tephra constrain the uncalibrated 14C age of the R1 eruption of Reclus volcano to 12,685 ± 260 years BP, the MB1 and MB2 eruptions of Mt. Burney to 8,425 ± 500 and 3,830 ± 390 years BP, the Hudson H1 eruption to 6,850 ± 160 years BP, and the A1 eruption of Aguilera volcano to 3,000 ± 100 years BP. The volume of the largest of these eruptions, H1 of the Hudson volcano, is estimated as >18 km3. The volume of the Reclus R1 eruption is estimated at >10 km3, the Aguilera A1 eruption at between 4 and 9 km3, and the younger Mt. Burney MB2 eruption at ≥2.8 km3. The volume of the older MB1 Mt. Burney eruption is the least well constrained, but must have been larger than the younger MB2 eruption. The data indicate that the frequency of explosive activity of volcanic centers in the AVZ is lower than in the southern SVZ.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Geographic Society grants NGS 4238-89 and 4889-92 and FONDECYT-Chile projects 1-94-0129 and 1-96-0186. Eric Leonard, Alexandra Skewes, Kyoto Futa, Michael Dobbs, Pedro Cardenas and Jose Antonio Naranjo collaborated in the fieldwork. Rolf Kilian, Vera Markgraf, Patricio Moreno and Rodrigo Villa Martínez (supported by Fondecyt-Chile grant 1040204), Stephen Porter, Calvin Heusser, Cristian Favier Debois, Luis Borrero, Nora Franco and Juan Bautista Belardi provided other tephra samples and invaluable information from outcrops, bog and lake sediment cores, and archaeological excavations. Dan Mitchell assisted with the preparation of the figures. Rolf Kilian and Jorge Clavero provided helpful reviews.

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  1. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0399, USA

    Charles R. Stern

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Stern, C.R. Holocene tephrochronology record of large explosive eruptions in the southernmost Patagonian Andes. Bull Volcanol 70, 435–454 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-007-0148-z

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