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Near N–S paleo-extension in the western Deccan region, India: Does it link strike-slip tectonics with India–Seychelles rifting?

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Abstract

This is the first detailed report and analyses of deformation from the W part of the Deccan large igneous province (DLIP), Maharashtra, India. This deformation, related to the India–Seychelles rifting during Late Cretaceous–Early Paleocene, was studied, and the paleostress tensors were deduced. Near N–S trending shear zones, lineaments, and faults were already reported without significant detail. An E–W extension was envisaged by the previous workers to explain the India–Seychelles rift at ~64 Ma. The direction of extension, however, does not match with their N–S brittle shear zones and also those faults (sub-vertical, ~NE–SW/~NW–SE, and few ~N–S) we report and emphasize in this work. Slickenside-bearing fault planes, brittle shear zones, and extension fractures in meso-scale enabled us to estimate the paleostress tensors (directions and relative magnitudes). The field study was complemented by remote sensing lineament analyses to map dykes and shear zones. Dykes emplaced along pre-existing ~N–S to ~NE–SW/~NW–SE shears/fractures. This information was used to derive regional paleostress trends. A ~NW–SE/NE–SW minimum compressive stress in the oldest Kalsubai Subgroup and a ~N–S direction for the younger Lonavala, Wai, and Salsette Subgroups were deciphered. Thus, a ~NW/NE to ~N–S extension is put forward that refutes the popular view of E–W India–Seychelles extension. Paleostress analyses indicate that this is an oblique rifted margin. Field criteria suggest only ~NE–SW and ~NW–SE, with some ~N–S strike-slip faults/brittle shear zones. We refer this deformation zone as the "Western Deccan Strike-slip Zone" (WDSZ). The observed deformation was matched with offshore tectonics deciphered mainly from faults interpreted on seismic profiles and from magnetic seafloor spreading anomalies. These geophysical findings too indicate oblique rifting in this part of the W Indian passive margin. We argue that the Seychelles microcontinent separated from India only after much of the DLIP erupted. Further studies of magma-rich passive margins with respect to timing and architecture of deformation and emplacement of volcanics are required.

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Acknowledgments

This study is a part of AAM’s doctoral thesis funded by IIT Bombay. A part of the work also comes from GB’s M.Sc. thesis. Sourav Sarkar, Rajkumar Ghosh, Rakesh Yadav, Rahul Biswas and Kartick Dey assisted many fieldworks. Session conveners Francesco Storti and Susanne Buiter allowed SM to present this research at the EGU, Vienna 2013. Jure Žalohar provided the license for his software T-TECTO 3.0 Professional and conversed patiently on all the programme-related queries. Discussions with Deepak Chandra Srivastava, Michal Nemčok, Saibal Gupta, Amit Kumar Sen, Nishikanta Kundu, Roberto Weinberg, Loyc Vanderkluysen, Nilanjan Chatterjee, Mainak Choudhuri, Sudipta Tapan Sinha, GN Jadhav, Tuhin Biswas, Dripta Dutta, Sidhartha Bhattacharyya and Haakon Fossen were fruitful. Anindya Ghosh’s comments on remote sensing were beneficial. Comments by George Mathew and especially Hetu Sheth clarified the text. This work improved immensely by three rounds very detailed external reviews by Alexandre Kounov, Colin Reeves, Morgan Ganerød, and Nicolas Bellahsen. We are also grateful to Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF—a University of Maryland and NASA consortium) for providing the ETM + satellite data (http://glcf.umd.edu/). Thanks to Pundarika Rao for preparing the ETM + FCC images in Figs. 12 & 13. Editorial handling: Claudio Rosenberg, Wolf-Christian Dullo, Monika Dullo, Nithiya Sivaraman and Springer Correction Team (Chennai).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, Maharashtra, India

    Achyuta Ayan Misra, Gourab Bhattacharya, Soumyajit Mukherjee & Narayan Bose

  2. Petroleum Exploration, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, 400 071, Maharashtra, India

    Achyuta Ayan Misra

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  1. Achyuta Ayan Misra
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  2. Gourab Bhattacharya
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  3. Soumyajit Mukherjee
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Correspondence to Soumyajit Mukherjee.

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Appendices

Appendix 1

The Coulomb–Navier’s fracture theory states that for an isotropic rock, the fault geometry is controlled by (1) magnitudes and orientations of the principal stresses, and (2) internal friction of the rock, as per:

$$\alpha = \pm ( 4 5^\circ - \varphi / 2)$$
(1)

where α: angle between the fracture and the maximum principal compressive stress axis; φ: angle of internal friction of the rock. Thus, σ 1 makes 30° angle with the fault for a rock with φ = 30° and σ 3 60° for the same rock. For isotropic rocks, φ ranges 25–35°. We used this simple fracture criterion to indicate the possible σ 3 axis on the satellite images. As commonly documented in field, vertical Y- and P-planes and horizontal slip were considered.

Appendix 2

See Žalohar and Vrabec (2007) for details.

  1. I.

    s: Dispersion parameter for the distribution of the angular misfits between the predicted and the actual direction of movement along the faults.

  2. II.

    Δ: Threshold for the value of the compatibility measure for a fault-slip datum to be compatible with a given stress/strain.

  3. III.

    q 1: Approximate angle of internal friction for an intact rock. It is the slope of the tangent of the largest Mohr circle on the Mohr diagram.

  4. IV.

    q 2: For a preexisting fault, it is the angle of residual friction for sliding. The parameters q 1 and q 2 constrain the possible values of the ratio between the normal and shear stress on the faults so that mechanically acceptable solutions of the inverse problem are calculated.

  5. V.

    Misfit angle: Angle between the predicted and the actual direction of slip on a fault plane. Determined by misfit functions. These functions differ with users. Žalohar and Vrabec (2007) used a Gaussian distribution function to estimate the misfit angle. Célérier et al. (2012) detailed misfit criteria and functions of previous authors.

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Misra, A.A., Bhattacharya, G., Mukherjee, S. et al. Near N–S paleo-extension in the western Deccan region, India: Does it link strike-slip tectonics with India–Seychelles rifting?. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 103, 1645–1680 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1021-x

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