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4D tomographic reconstruction of the tropospheric wet refractivity using the concept of virtual reference station, case study: northwest of Iran

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Abstract

Iran enjoys a variety of climatological conditions. Moreover, numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are not assimilated with the meteorological data in Iran, the country suffering from poor spatial and temporal resolution of radiosonde measurements. These facts make modeling of troposphere impossible using the measurements and NWP. On the other hand, the global positioning system (GPS) has been emerged as a valuable tool for modeling and remote sensing of Earth’s atmosphere. This research is the first attempt to address the tropospheric wet refractivity modeling by GPS measurements in Iran. Changes of topography in the study area are taken into account. As a leading work, virtual reference stations (VRS) are used to fix the rank deficiency of the problem. The model space resolution matrix is used to achieve the optimum spatial resolution of the tomographic model and the optimum number of VRS stations. The accuracy of the developed model (KNTU1) is investigated by deploying radiosonde measurements.

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Notes

  1. Day Of Year.

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Acknowledgments

During this research, Mr. Akbar who is a member of the meteorological organization of Iran, kindly provided us valuable remarks. His cooperation is appreciated here. The meteorological organization of Iran provided the radiosonde profiles with dense pressure levels of the Tabriz station and the observation files of Synoptic stations in the northwestern part of the country for this research. This collaboration is also appreciated here. We are grateful to the National Cartographic Center (NCC) of Iran for providing the observation files of the Azerbaijan sub-network of the Iranian Permanent GPS Network too.

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  1. Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N.Toosi University of Technology, No. 1346, Vali_Asr Ave, Mirdamad Cr., Tehran, Iran

    Zohre Adavi & Masoud Mashhadi-Hossainali

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  1. Zohre Adavi
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  2. Masoud Mashhadi-Hossainali
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Correspondence to Zohre Adavi.

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Responsible editor: M. Kaplan.

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Adavi, Z., Mashhadi-Hossainali, M. 4D tomographic reconstruction of the tropospheric wet refractivity using the concept of virtual reference station, case study: northwest of Iran. Meteorol Atmos Phys 126, 193–205 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-014-0342-4

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