Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Xenobiotics in groundwater and surface water of the city of Leipzig

Xenobiotika im Grundwasser und Oberflächenwasser der Stadt Leipzig

  • Fachbeiträge
  • Published:
Grundwasser Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Kurzfassung

Xenobiotika werden zunehmend als ökotoxikologisch relevant für die aquatische Umwelt und den Menschen angesehen. Das Verhalten und die Auswirkungen dieser Stoffe in der Umwelt sind bisher nur wenig umfassend untersucht worden und werden deshalb im Rahmen des Projektes WASSER Leipzig durch das UFZ in einem urban geprägten Einzugsgebiet bearbeitet. Dieser Artikel stellt erste Analysen des Grund- und Oberflächenwassers vor. Es wurden die Gehalte der Industriechemikalien Bisphenol A und t-Nonylphenol, der polyzyklischen Duftstoffe Galaxolid und Tonalid, des antiepileptischen Medikaments Carbamazepin sowie von Koffein bestimmt, die ein ubiquitäres Vorkommen zeigten. In den Vorflutern wurden mittlere Konzentrationen von bis zu einigen 100 ng/l gemessen, die auf den Einfluss geklärter aber auch ungeklärter Abwässer zurückgeführt werden können. Im Grundwasser zeigten sich bis auf Bisphenol A geringere Werte. Die Belastung des Grundwassers ist auf Abwasserleckagen aus der Kanalisation zurückzuführen. Mithilfe einer Faktorenanalyse der hydrochemischen Messwerte lassen sich die Xenobiotika hinsichtlich ihres hydrochemischen Verhaltens im Grundwasser differenzieren.

Abstract

Xenobiotics are increasingly being considered as ecotoxicologically relevant for the aquatic environment and human health. Their behaviour and the effects on the environment have not yet been comprehensively investigated and, therefore, are currently the subject of the project WASSER Leipzig initiated by the UFZ. The results of this article are based on groundwater and surface water analyses of a watershed within the town of Leipzig. Here the industrial chemicals bisphenol-A and t-nonylphenol, the polycyclic fragrances galaxolide and tonalide, the antiepileptic drug carbamacepine and caffeine where investigated. Xenobiotics showed ubiquitous occurrence in the rivers, which were contaminated from treated and untreated sewage, as well as in groundwater, contaminated by leaky sewers. Mean concentrations up to several hundred ng/l were found in the rivers, while groundwater concentrations, except for bisphenol-A, tended to be lower. Applying the statistical factor analysis on the hydrochemical measurements, a differentiation of the xenobiotics with regard to their hydrochemical behaviour in groundwater was performed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  • Barrett, M.H., Hiscock, K.M., Pedley, S., Lerner, D.N., Tellam, J.H., French, M.J.: Marker species for identifying urban groundwater recharge sources: A review and case study in Nottingham, UK.- Water Research 33, 3083–3097 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barth, S.: Application of boron isotopes for tracing sources of anthropogenic contamination in groundwater.- Water Research 32, 685–690 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berlin/Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung: Qualität des oberflächennahen Grundwassers. Umweltatlas Berlin: 1. Gesamtberliner Ausgabe, Bd. 1. Boden. Wasser: 1–7 (1993)

  • Braun, P., Möder, M., Schrader, S., Popp, P., Kuschk, R., Engewald, W.: Trace analysis of technical nonylphenol, bisphenol A and 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol in wastewater using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.- Journal of Chromatography A 988, 41–51 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, C.E.: Applied multivariate statistics in geohydrology and related sciences. 248 S.; Springer, Berlin (1998)

  • Buerge, I.J., Poiger, T., Müller, M.D., Buser, H.R.: Caffeine, an anthropogenic marker for wastewater contamination of surface waters.- Environmental Science and Technology 37, 691–700 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buerge, I.J., Poiger, T., Müller, M.D., Buser, H.R.: Combined sewer overflows to surface waters detected by the anthropogenic marker caffeine.- Environmental Science and Technology 40, 4096–4102 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bursch, W., Fuerhacker, M., Gemeiner, M., Grillitsch, B., Jungbauer, A., Kreuzinger, N., Moestl, E., Scharf, S., Schmid, E., Skutan, S., Walter, I.: Endocrine disrupters in the aquatic environment: the Austrian approach – ARCEM.- Water Science and Technology 50, 293–300 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Clara, M., Strenn, B., Kreuzinger, N.: Carbamazepine as a possible anthropogenic marker in the aquatic environment: investigations on the behaviour of Carbamazepine in wastewater treatment and during groundwater infiltration.- Water Research 38, 947–954 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, V.L., Buzby, M., Hutchinson, T., Mastrocco, F., Parke, N., Roden, N.: Effects of Human Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Life: Next Steps.- Environmental Science and Technology 40, 3456–3462 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daughton, C.G., Ternes, T.A.: Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: Agents of subtle change?- Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (Supplement 6), 907–938 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dragon, K.: Application of factor analysis to study contamination of a semi-confined aquifer (Wielkopolska Buried Valley aquifer, Poland).- Journal of Hydrology 331, 241–248 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DVWK: Entnahme und Untersuchungsumfang von Grundwasserproben. DVWK-Regeln 128, 36 S.; Parey, Hamburg (1992)

  • Eißmann, L., Treviranus, H.: Lithofazieskarte Quartär 1:50000, Leipzig 2565. ZGI; Berlin (1973)

  • Eiswirth, M., Hötzl, H.: The impact of leaking sewers on urban groundwater.- In: Chilton, J. (Hrsg.): Groundwater in the urban environment. Vol. 1, Problems, processes and management, 399–404 (1997)

  • Ellis, J.B., Revitt, D.M.: Sewer losses and interactions with groundwater quality.- Water Science and Technology 45, 195–202 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • EU: Richtlinie 2000/60/EG des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 23. Oktober 2000 zur Schaffung eines Ordnungsrahmens für Maßnahmen der Gemeinschaft im Bereich der Wasserpolitik (2000)

  • Ford, M., Tellam, J.H.: Source, type and extent of inorganic contamination within the Birmingham urban aquifer system, UK.- Journal of Hydrology 156, 101–135 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, S., Morris, B., Lawrence, A., Chilton, J.: Groundwater impacts and issues in developing cities – An introductory review.- In: Chilton, J. (Hrsg.): Groundwater in the urban environment. Vol. 2, Selected city profiles, 3–16 (1999)

  • Fox, K.K., Cassani, G., Facchi, A., Schröder, F.R., Poelloth, C., Holt, M.S.: Measured variation in boron loads reaching European sewage treatment works.- Chemosphere 47, 499–505 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fries, E., Püttmann, W.: Occurrence and behaviour of 4-nonylphenol in river water of Germany. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 5, 598–603 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Furtak, H., Langguth, H.R.: Zur hydrochemischen Kennzeichung von Grundwässern und Grundwassertypen mittels Kennzahlen. Mem. IAH-Congress VII, 86–95 (1967)

  • Grischek, T., Nestler, W., Piechniczek, D., Fischer, T.: Urban groundwater in Dresden, Germany.- Hydrogeology Journal 4, 48–63 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halling-Sørensen, B., Nielsen, S.N., Lanzky, P.F., Ingerslev, F., Lützhøft, H.C.H., Jørgensen, S.E.: Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment – A review.- Chemosphere 36, 357–394 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heberer, T.: Occurrence, fate, and assessment of polycyclic musk residues in the aquatic environment of urban areas – A review.- Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica 30, 227–243 (2002a)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heberer, T.: Tracking persistent pharmaceutical residues from municipal sewage to drinking water.- Journal of Hydrology 266, 175–189 (2002b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heidrich, S., Schirmer, M., Weiss, H., Wycisk, P., Grossmann, J., Kaschl, A.: Regionally contaminated aquifers – toxicological relevance and remediation options (Bitterfeld case study).- Toxicology 205, 143–155 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hölting, B., Coldewey, W.G.: Hydrogeologie: Einführung in die Allgemeine und Angewandte Hydrogeologie. 326 S.; Elsevier, Stuttgart (2005)

  • Howard, K.W.F.: Urban groundwater issues – An introduction.- In Howard, K.W.F., Israfilov, R. (Hrsg.): Current problems of hydrogeology in urban areas, urban agglomerates and industrial centres.- NATO Science Series IV Earth and Environmental Sciences 8, 1–15 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaaks, E.H., Srivastava, R.M.: An introduction to applied geostatistics. 561 S.; Oxford University Press, New York (1989)

  • Leisewitz, A., Schwarz, W.: Stoffströme wichtiger endokrin wirksamer Industriechemikalien (Bisphenol A; Dibutylphthalat/Benzylbutylphthalat; Nonylphenol/Alkylphenolethoxylate). Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministers für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Forschungsbericht 106 01 076 (1997)

  • Lenz, K., Beck, V., Fuerhacker, M.: Behaviour of bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 4-nonylphenol ethoxylates (4-NP1EO, 4-NP2EO) in oxidative water treatment processes.- Water Science and Technology 50, 141–147 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, D.N.: Identifying and quantifying urban recharge: a review.- Hydrogeology Journal 10, 143–152 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massmann, G., Heberer, T., Grützmacher, G., Dünnbier, U., Knappe, A., Mechlinski, A., Pekdeger, A.: Trinkwassergewinnung in urbanen Räumen – Erkenntnisse zur Uferfiltration in Berlin.- Grundwasser DOI 10.1007/s00767-007-0036-7

  • Massmann, G., Greskowiak, J., Dünnbier, U., Zuehlke, S., Knappe, A., Pekdeger, A.: The impact of variable temperatures on the redox conditions and the behaviour of pharmaceutical residues during artificial recharge.- Journal of Hydrology 328, 141–156 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osenbrück, K., Gläser, H.-R., Knöller, K., Weise, S.M., Möder, M., Wennrich, R., Schirmer, M., Reinstorf, F., Busch, W., Strauch, G.: Sources and transport of selected organic micropollutants in urban groundwater underlying the city of Halle (Saale), Germany.- Water Research, (im Druck, 2007)

  • Peck, A.M., Hornbuckle, K.C.: Environmental sources, occurrence, and effects of synthetic musk fragrances.- Journal of Environmental Monitoring 8, 874–879 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer, D., Wiedwald, M.: Hydrogeologische Karte der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 1:50.000, Halle (Saale) O/Leipzig N 1106-3/4. ZGI; Berlin (1984)

  • Reinstorf, F., Strauch, G., Schirmer, M., Gläser, H.-R., Möder, M., Wennrich, R., Osenbrück, K., Schirmer, K.: Xenobiotics in urban areas – investigation and estimation of chemical fluxes.- In: Howard, K.W.F. (Hrsg.): Urban groundwater – meeting the challenge. International Association of Hydrologists Selected Papers: 145–159; London (2007a)

  • Reinstorf, F., Strauch, G., Schirmer, K., Gläser, H.-R., Möder, M., Wennrich, R., Osenbrück, K., Schirmer, M.: Quantification and spatial trends of xenobiotics in the urban aquatic environment.- Environmental Pollution (in Druck, 2007b)

  • Sacher, F., Lange, F.T., Brauch, H.-J., Blankenhorn, I.: Pharmaceuticals in groundwaters. Analytical methods and results of a monitoring program in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.- Journal of Chromatography A 938, 19–210 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schafmeister, M.-Th.: Geostatistik für die hydrogeologische Praxis.- 172 S.; Springer, Berlin (1999)

  • Schirmer, M., Strauch, G., Schirmer, K., Reinstorf, F.: Urbane Hydrogeologie – Herausforderungen für Forschung und Praxis.- Grundwasser DOI 10.1007/s00767-007-0034-9

  • Schleyer, R., Kerndorff, H.: Die Grundwasserqualität westdeutscher Trinkwasserressourcen. 245 S.; VCH, Weinheim (1992)

  • Schwabe, U., Paffrath, D.: Arzneiverordnungs-Report 2006. 1156 S.; Springer, Berlin (2007)

  • Schwarzenbach, R.P., Escher, B.I., Fenner, K., Hofstetter, T.B., Johnson, C.A., von Gunten, U., Wehrli, B.: The challenge of micropollutants in aquatic systems.- Science 313, 1072–1077 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Standley, L.J., Kaplan, L.A., Smith, D.: Molecular tracers of organic matter sources to surface water resources.- Environmental Science and Technology 34, 3124–3130 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strauch, G., Möder, M., Wennrich, R., Osenbrück, K., Gläser, H.-R., Schladitz, T., Müller, C., Schirmer, K., Reinstorf, F., Schirmer, M.: Use of indicators for assessing anthropogenic impact on urban water system.- Journal of Soil and Sediments (revised, 2007)

  • Sumpter, J.P.: Endocrine disrupters in the aquatic environment: An overview.- Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica 33, 9–16 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swartz, C.H., Reddy, S., Benotti, M.J., Yin, H.F., Barber, L.B., Brownawell, B.J., Rudel, R.A.: Steroid estrogens, nonylphenol ethoxylate metabolites, and other wastewater contaminants in groundwater affected by a residential septic system on Cape Cod, MA.- Environmental Science and Technology 40, 4894–4902 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taniguchi, M., Shimada, J., Tanaka, T., Kayane, I., Sakura, Y., Shimano, Y., Dapaah-Siakwan, S., Kawashima, S.: Disturbances of temperature-depth profiles due to surface climate change and subsurface water flow: 1. An effect of linear increase in surface temperature caused by global warming and urbanization in the Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan.- Water Resources Research 35, 1507–1517 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ternes, T.A.: Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers.- Water Research 32, 3245–3260 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vázquez-Suñé, E., Sánchez-Vila, X., Carrera, J.: Introductory review of specific factors influencing urban groundwater, an emerging branch of hydrogeology, with reference to Barcelona, Spain.- Hydrogeology Journal 13, 522–533 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiegel, S., Aulinger, A., Brockmeyer, R., Harms, H., Löffler, J., Reincke, H., Schmidt, R., Stachel, B., von Tümpling, W., Wanke, A.: Pharmaceuticals in the river Elbe and its tributaries.- Chemosphere 57, 107–126 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, L., Held, I., Eiswirth, M., Hötzl, H.: Impact of Leaky Sewers on Groundwater Quality.- Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica 32, 361–373 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ying, G.G., Kookana, R.S., Dillon, P.: Sorption and degradation of selected five endocrine disrupting chemicals in aquifer material.- Water Research 37, 3785–3791 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department Hydrogeologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH – UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Deutschland

    A. Musolff,  S. Leschik,  F. Reinstorf,  G. Strauch &  M. Schirmer

  2. Department Analytik, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH – UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Deutschland

    M. Möder

Authors
  1. A. Musolff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Leschik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. F. Reinstorf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. G. Strauch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. Schirmer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. M. Möder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Musolff.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Musolff, A., Leschik, S., Reinstorf, F. et al. Xenobiotics in groundwater and surface water of the city of Leipzig. Grundwasser 12, 217–231 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00767-007-0033-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00767-007-0033-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation