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Aspects of a conceptual groundwater flow model of the Serra Geral basalt aquifer (Sao Paulo, Brazil) from physical and structural geology data

Aspects d’un modèle conceptuel d’écoulement d’eaux souterraines de l’aquifère basaltique de Serra Geral (Sao Paulo, Brésil) à partir de données de géologie physique et structurale

Aspectos de un modelo conceptual de flujo de agua subterránea a partir de datos de geología física y estructural en el acuífero del basalto Serra Geral (Sao Paulo, Brasil)

根据物理和构造地质资料建立的 (巴西圣保罗) Serra Geral玄武岩含水层概念地下水流模型

Aspectos de um modelo conceitual de fluxo de águas subterrâneas do aquífero basáltico Serra Geral (São Paulo, Brasil) a partir de dados geológicos físicos e estruturais

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Abstract

A preliminary conceptual model of groundwater flow was developed for the Serra Geral fractured basalt aquifer in order to assess the recharge to the underlying sandstone Guarani Aquifer System, one of the main aquifer systems in Brazil, which supplies water to millions of people. Detailed geological investigations included macroscopic description of the basalt flow units and the underlying sandstone. Petrographic and chemical analyzes were conducted on rock samples from outcrops and from five drilled boreholes. Detailed fracture surveys were accomplished at outcrops to characterize fracture sets and their potential to transmit water in the current tectonic context. Four basalt flows were identified in the Ribeirao Preto area and were named B1, B2, B3 and B4 (from oldest to youngest). The cooling process in flow B3 led to the generation of large sub-horizontal fractures at the contacts B2/B3 and B3-C/B3-E, which are the most transmissive structures. Groundwater flow in the basalt appears to be of the stratabound type because fractures, in general, do not propagate through the basalt vesicular layers, which behave as a regional hydraulic barrier for the vertical groundwater flow. However, it is proposed that the localized, continuous and closely spaced subvertical tectonic fractures, the only features that have the potential to crosscut the vesicular layers and the intertrappe sediments, can vertically connect the sub-horizontal transmissive fractures. Weathering and water seepage, observed in rock exposures, indicate that subvertical NE-trending fractures would be the most transmissive in the Ribeirao Preto area.

Résumé

Un modèle conceptuel préliminaire d’écoulement des eaux souterraines a été développé pour l’aquifère basaltique fracturé de la Serra Geral afin d’évaluer la recharge du système aquifère des grès du Guarani sous-jacent, l’un des principaux systèmes aquifères du Brésil, qui fournit de l’eau à des millions de personnes. Des investigations géologiques détaillées ont inclus la description macroscopique des différentes coulées de basalte et du grès sous-jacent. Des analyses pétrographiques et chimiques ont été conduites sur des échantillons de roche provenant des affleurements et de cinq forages. L’inventaire détaillé des fractures a été examiné au niveau des affleurements pour caractériser des ensembles de fractures et leurs potentiels à laisser passer l’eau dans le contexte tectonique actuel. Quatre coulées de basalte ont été identifiées dans la région de Ribeirao Preto et ont été appelés B1, B2, B3 et B4 (de la plus ancienne à la plus récente). Le processus de refroidissement de la coulée B3 a mené à la génération de grandes fractures secondaires horizontales aux contacts B2/B3 et B3-C/B3-E, qui sont les structures les plus transmissives. L’écoulement de l’eau souterraine dans le basalte semble être de type stratiforme parce que les fractures, en général, ne se propagent pas dans les horizons de basalte vésiculaire, qui se comportent comme une barrière hydraulique régionale pour l’écoulement vertical des eaux souterraines. Cependant, on propose que les fractures tectoniques subverticales, localisées, continues et étroitement espacées, les seules à avoir le potentiel de recouper les couches vésiculaires et les sédiments d’intercoulées, peuvent relier verticalement les fractures transmissives secondaires horizontales. L’altération et l’infiltration de l’eau, observées sur des affleurements rocheux, indiquent que les fractures subverticales de direction NE seraient les plus transmissives dans la région de Ribeirao Preto.

Resumen

Se desarrolló un modelo conceptual preliminar del flujo de agua subterránea para el acuífero del basalto fracturado de Serra Geral con el fin de evaluar la recarga hacia la arenisca subyacente del Sistema Acuífero Guaraní, uno de los principales sistemas de acuíferos en Brasil, que abastece de agua a millones de personas. Las detalladas investigaciones geológicas incluyen la descripción macroscópica de las unidades de flujo en el basalto y en la arenisca subyacente. Se realizaron análisis petrográficos y químicos en muestras de rocas de afloramientos y de cinco pozos perforados. Los relevamientos detallados de las fracturas se realizaron en afloramientos para caracterizar los conjuntos de fracturas y su potencial para transmitir agua en el contexto tectónico actual. Se identificaron cuatro flujos en el basalto en el área de Ribeirao Preto y fueron denominados B1, B2, B3 y B4 (de mayor a menor). El proceso de enfriamiento en el flujo B3 condujo a la generación de grandes fracturas sub-horizontales en los contactos B2/B3 y B3-C/B3-E, que son las estructuras más transmisivas. El flujo del agua subterránea en el basalto parece ser del tipo estratoligado debido a fracturas que, en general, no se propagan a través de las capas de basalto vesicular, comportándose como una barrera hidráulica regional para el flujo vertical del agua subterránea. Sin embargo, se propone que las fracturas tectónicas subverticales, continuas y muy próximas entre sí, las únicas características que tienen el potencial de corte transversal de las capas vesiculares y los sedimentos interbasálticos, se pueden conectar verticalmente a las fracturas transmisivas sub-horizontales. La meteorización y la filtración de agua, observada en los afloramientos rocosos, indican que las fracturas subverticales de tendencia NE serían las más transmisivas en el área de Ribeirao Preto

摘要

建立了 Serra Geral 断裂玄武岩含水层地下水流的初步概念模型,以评价对下伏的砂岩Guarani含水层系统,砂岩Guarani含水层系统是巴西主要的含水层系统之一,为几百万人供水。详细的地质调查包括玄武岩流单元和下伏砂岩的宏观描述。对出露区和五个钻孔的岩样进行了岩相和化学分析。在出露区完成了详细的断裂调查,描述了断裂的特征及在目前构造环境下的输水潜力。在Ribeirao Preto地区确定了四个玄武岩流,分别命名为B1, B2, B3和 B4 (从最老到最年轻)。B3玄武岩流的冷却过程致使B2/B3及B3-C/B3-E接触带出现了大的近水平断裂,这些断裂是输水能力最强的断裂。玄武岩中的地下水流好像是层控类型,因为断裂通常不会通过玄武岩气孔层增殖,玄武岩气孔层相当于垂直地下水流的区域水力屏障。然而,有人认为,局部性的、连续性的及密集的接近垂直的构造断裂唯一特征是横切气孔层和岩溶流沉积层的,可以垂直连接近水平的断裂。岩层出露观测到的风化和渗水表明,接近垂直的NE走向断裂是Ribeirao Preto地区输水能力最强的断裂。

Resumo

Um modelo conceitual de fluxo de águas subterrâneas foi desenvolvido para o aquífero basáltico fraturado Serra Geral para avaliar a recarga dos arenitos subjacentes do Sistema Aquífero Guarani, um dos principais sistemas aquíferos no Brasil, que fornece água para milhões de pessoas. Investigações geológicas detalhadas incluem descrição macroscópica das unidades dos derrames de basaltos e dos arenitos subjacentes. Análises petrográficas e químicas foram conduzidas em amostras de rocha de afloramentos e de cinco poços perfurados. Levantamentos detalhados de fraturas foram realizados em afloramentos para caracterizar os grupos de fraturas e o seu potencial de transmitir água no ambiente tectônico atual. Quatro derrames de basaltos foram identificados na área de Ribeirão Preto e foram nomeados B1, B2, B3 e B4 (do mais antigo para o mais recente). O processo de resfriamento do derrame B3 permitiu a geração de extensas fraturas sub-horizontais nos contatos B2/B3 e B3-C/B3-E, que são as estruturas mais transmissivas. O fluxo de águas subterrâneas em basaltos parece ser do tipo limitado por contatos, já que as fraturas, em geral, não se propagam através das camadas de basaltos vesiculares, que se comportam como barreiras regionais para o fluxo vertical. Entretanto, é proposto que fraturas tectônicas subverticais localizadas, contínuas e pouco espaçadas, as únicas estruturas com potencial de atravessar as camadas vesiculares e os arenitos intertrapes, podem conectar verticalmente as fraturas sub-horizontais transmissivas. Intemperismo e fluxo de água, observado em exposições rochosas, indicam que fraturas subverticais com direção predominante nordeste seriam as fraturas mais transmissivas na área de Ribeirão Preto.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the many staff members and students of the Geological Survey of the Sao Paulo State (Instituto Geologico) and the Institute of Geosciences of the University of Sao Paulo. Funding for this study was provided by the Sao Paulo Research Foundation – FAPESP (project number 2004/11798-4). Ingo Daniel Wahnfried was supported by an honors doctorate fellowship from FAPESP (2004/15543-0). Carlos Henrique Maldaner has received an undergraduate scientific initiation fellowship from FAPESP (2005/00101-5) and he is currently supported by a full doctorate fellowship from National Council of Research – CNPq/Brazil. The constructive comments from Patryk M. Quinn, during the preparation of this manuscript, and from Chris McDermott, Brett Sinclair and one anonymous reviewer were much appreciated.

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  1. Núcleo de Hidrogeologia, Instituto Geológico, Rua Joaquim Távora 822, Sao Paulo, SP, 04015-001, Brazil

    Amélia J. Fernandes & Francisco Negri

  2. Centre for Applied Groundwater Research, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada

    Carlos H. Maldaner

  3. Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi, Québec, G7H 2B1, Canada

    Alain Rouleau

  4. Departamento de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. General Rodrigo Octávio, 6200, Manaus, AM, 69077-000, Brazil

    Ingo D. Wahnfried

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  1. Amélia J. Fernandes
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Fernandes, A.J., Maldaner, C.H., Negri, F. et al. Aspects of a conceptual groundwater flow model of the Serra Geral basalt aquifer (Sao Paulo, Brazil) from physical and structural geology data. Hydrogeol J 24, 1199–1212 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1370-6

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