Abstract
Alginate is a polysaccharide that can be crosslinked by divalent cations, such as calcium ions, to form a gel. Chemical modification is typically used to improve its cell adhesive properties for tissue engineering applications. In this study, alginates were modified with peptides containing RGD (arginine–glycine–aspartic acid) or PHSRN (proline–histidine–serine–arginine–asparagine) sequences from fibronectin to study possible additive and synergistic effects on adherent cells. Alginates modified with each peptide were mixed at different ratios to form gels containing various concentrations and spacing between the RGD and PHSRN sequences. When normal human osteoblasts (NHOsts) were cultured on or in the gels, the ratio of RGD to PHSRN was found to influence cell behaviors, especially differentiation. NHOsts cultured on gels composed of RGD- and PHSRN-modified alginates showed enhanced differentiation when the gels contained >33 % RGD-alginate, suggesting the relative distribution of the peptides and the presentation to cells are important parameters in this regulation. NHOsts cultured in gels containing both RGD- and PHSRN-alginates also demonstrated a similar enhancement tendency of calcium deposition that was dependent on the peptide ratio in the gel. However, calcium deposition was greater when cells were cultured in the gels, as compared to on the gels. These results suggest that modifying this biomaterial to more closely mimic the chemistry of natural cell adhesive proteins, (e.g., fibronectin) may be useful in developing scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and provide three-dimensional cell culture systems which more closely mimic the environment of the human body.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Shoichet MS, Li RH, White ML, Winn SR. Stability of hydrogels used in cell encapsulation: an in vitro comparison of alginate and agarose. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1996;50:374–81.
Jen AC, Wake MC, Mikos AG. Hydrogels for cell immobilization. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1996;50:357–64.
Mooney DJ, Mikos AG. Growing new organs. Sci Am. 1999;280:38–43.
Lee KY, Mooney DJ. Hydrogel for tissue engineering. Chem Rev. 2001;101:1869–80.
Griffith LG, Naughton G. Tissue engineering—current challenges and expanding opportunities. Science. 2002;295:1009–14.
Langer R, Tirrell DA. Designing materials for biology and medicine. Nature. 2004;428:487–92.
Lutolf MP, Hubbell JA. Synthetic biomaterials as instructive extracellular microenvironments for morphogenesis in tissue engineering. Nat Biotech. 2005;23:47–55.
Smidsrød O, Skjåk-Bræk G. Alginate as immobilization matrix for cells. Trends Biotechnol. 1990;8:71–8.
Rowley JA, Madlambayan G, Mooney DJ. Alginate hydrogels as synthetic extracellular matrix materials. Biomaterials. 1999;20:45–53.
Alsberg E, Anderson KW, Albeiruti A, Rowley JA, Mooney DJ. Engineering growing tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:12025–30.
Alsberg E, Kong HJ, Hirano Y, Smith MK, Albeiruti A, Mooney DJ. Regulating bone formation via controlled scaffold degradation. J Dent Res. 2003;82:903–8.
Comisar WA, Hsiong SX, Kong HJ, Mooney DJ, Linderman JJ. Multi-scale modeling to predict ligand presentation within RGD nanopatterned hydrogels. Biomaterials. 2006;27:2322–9.
Kong HJ, Boontheekul T, Mooney DJ. Quantifying the relation between adhesion ligand-receptor bond formation and cell phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:18534–9.
Ruoslahti E, Pierschbacher MD. New perspectives in cell adhesion: RGD and integrins. Science. 1987;238:491–7.
Hirano Y, Okuno M, Hayashi T, Goto K, Nakajima A. Cell-attachment activities of surface immobilized oligopeptides RGD, RGDS, RGDV, RGDT, and YIGSR toward five cell lines. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 1993;4:235–43.
Masters KS, Shah DN, Walker G, Leinwand LA, Anseth KS. Designing scaffolds for valvular interstitial cells: cell adhesion and function on naturally derived materials. J Biomed Mater Res. 2004;71A:172–80.
Lee MH, Adams CS, Boettiger D, DeGrado WF, Shapiro IM, Composto RJ, Ducheyne P. Adhesion of MC3T3-E1 cells to RGD peptides of different flanking residues: detachment strength and correlation with long-term cellular function. J Biomed Mater Res. 2007;81A(150–60):2007.
Aota S, Nomizu M, Yamada KM. The short amino-acid-sequence Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn in human fibronectin enhances cell-adhesive function. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:24756–61.
Ohyama M, Suzuki N, Yamaguchi Y, Maeno M, Otsuka K, Ito K. Effect of enamel matrix derivative on the differentiation of C2C12 cells. J Periodontol. 2002;73:543–50.
Redick SD, Settles DL, Briscoe G, Erickson HP. Defining fibronectin’s cell adhesion synergy site by site-directed mutagenesis. J Cell Biol. 2000;149:521–7.
Moursi AM, Globus RK, Dmasky CH. Interactions between integrin receptors and fibronectin are required for calvarial osteoblast differentiation in vitro. J Cell Sci. 1997;110:2187–96.
Fittkau MH, Zilla P, Bezuidenhout D, Lutolf MP, Human P, Hubbell JA, Davies N. The selective modulation of endothelial cell mobility on RGD peptide containing surfaces by YIGSR peptides. Biomaterials. 2005;26:167–74.
Petrie TA, Capadona JR, Reyes CD, García AJ. Integrin specificity and enhanced cellular activities associated with surfaces presenting a recombinant fibronectin fragment compared to RGD supports. Biomaterials. 2006;27:5459–70.
Shibasaki Y, Hirohara S, Terada K, Anod T, Tanihara M. Collagen-like polypeptide Poly(Pro-Hyp-Gly) conjugated with Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser and Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn peptides enhances cell adhesion, migration, and stratification. Biopolymers (Pept Sci). 2011;96:302–15.
Kao WJ, Lee D, Schense JC, Hubbell JA. Fibronectin modulates macrophage adhesion and FBGC formation: The role of RGD, PHSRN, and PRRARV domains. J Biomed Mater Res. 2001;55:79–88.
Benoit DSW, Anseth KS. The effect on osteoblast function of colocalized RGD and PHSRN epitopes on PEG surfaces. Biomaterials. 2005;2005(26):5209–20.
Mardilovich A, Craig JA, McCammon MQ, Garg A, Kokkoli E. Design of a novel fibronectin-mimic peptide—amphiphile for functionalized biomaterials. Langmuir. 2006;22:3259–64.
Lee KY, Alsberg E, Hsiong S, Comisar W, Linderman J, Ziff R, Mooney D. Nanoscale adhesion ligand organization regulates osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Nanoletters. 2004;4:1501–6.
Kong HJ, Polte TR, Alsberg E, Mooney DJ. FRET measurements of cell-traction forces and nano-scale clustering of adhesion ligands varied by substrate stiffness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:4300–5.
Ochsenhirt SE, Kokkoli E, McCarthy JB, Tirrell M. Effect of RGD secondary structure and the synergy site PHSRN on cell adhesion, spreading and specific integrin engagement. Biomaterials. 2006;27:3863–74.
Gruber HE, Hanley Jr EN. Human disc cells in monolayer vs 3D culture: cell shape, division and matrix formation. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2000; 1:1. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-1-1. Available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/1/1.
Hishikawa K, Miura S, Marumo T, Yoshioka H, Mori Y, Takato T, Fujita T. Gene expression profile of human mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenesis in three-dimensional thermoreversible gelation polymer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;317:1103–7.
Winters BS, Raj BK, Robinson EE, Foty RA, Corbett SA. Three-dimensional culture regulates Raf-1 expression to modulate fibronectin matrix assembly. Mol Biol Cell. 2006;17:3386–96.
Acknowledgments
This work was partly supported by Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for Research on Regulatory Science of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices by Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (H24-Iyaku-Shitei-018). The authors are also grateful to Dr. Kuen Yong Lee (Hanyang University, South Korea), Dr. Hyun-Joon Kong (University of Illinois, USA), and Dr. Takuya Matsumoto (Okayama University, Japan) for many helpful discussions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nakaoka, R., Hirano, Y., Mooney, D.J. et al. Study on the potential of RGD- and PHSRN-modified alginates as artificial extracellular matrices for engineering bone. J Artif Organs 16, 284–293 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10047-013-0703-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10047-013-0703-7