Skip to main content
Log in

The use of expert knowledge in the development of simulations for train driver training

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Cognition, Technology & Work Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The current study was undertaken to inform the development of simulations for improving train driver’s decision making under degraded track conditions. Trains are sophisticated heavy machinery and their performance is ever increasing resulting in the driving task becoming more complex and progressively dominated by cognitive and perceptual skills. A critical part of reducing the potential for train driver error and of increasing performance lies in the appropriate design of simulation training. In the current study a cognitive task analysis, using the critical decision method (CDM) was undertaken using a focus group research design. The process resulted in increased knowledge of expert train driver decision-making processes. Across four major incidents analyzed 11 decision points, 17 cues, 30 essential responsive actions and 45 possible errors where identified. The use of these results for supporting the design of simulation training and associated performance measures is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andews DH, Bell HH (2000) Simulation-based training. In: Tobias S, Fletcher JD (eds) Training and retraining: a handbook for business, industry, government, and the military. Macmillan, New York, pp 357–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker DP, Gustafson S, Beaubien J, Salas E, Barach P (2005) Medical teamwork and patient safety: the evidence-based relation, AHRQ Publication No.05-0053. Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality, Rockville

  • Cannon-Bowers JA, Salas E (1998a) Making decisions under stress: implications for individual and team training. American Psychological Association, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon-Bowers JA, Salas E (1998b) Individual and team decision making under stress: theoretical underpinnings. In: Cannon-Bowers JA, Salas E (eds) Making decisions under stress: implications for individual and team training. American Psychological Association, Washington, pp 17–38

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon-Bowers JA, Burns JJ, Salas E, Pruitt JS (1998) Advanced technology in scenario-based training. In: Cannon-Bowers JA, Salas E (eds) Making decisions under stress: implications for individual and team training. American Psychological Association, Washington, pp 365–374

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Driskell JE, Johnston JH (1998) Stress exposure training. In: Cannon-Bowers JA, Salas E (eds) Making decisions under stress: implications for individual and team training. American Psychological Association, Washington, pp 191–217

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fowlkes JE, Salas E, Baker DP, Cannon-Bowers JA, Stout RE (2000) The utility of event-based knowledge elicitation. Human Factors 42:24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall S (1999) Hidden dangers: railway safety in the era of privatization. Ian Allen, Shepperton

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman RR, Crandall B, Shadbolt N (1998) Use of the critical decision method to elicit expert knowledge: a case study in the methodology of cognitive task analysis. Human Factors 40:254–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein GA, Calderwood R, MacGregor D (1989) Critical decision method for eliciting knowledge. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 19:462–472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li G, Hamilton I, Morrisroe G, Clarke T (2006) Driver detection and recognition of lineside signals and signs at different approach speeds. Cogn Technol Work 8:30–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipshitz R, Klein G, Orasanu J, Salas E (2000.) Taking stock of naturalistic decision making. J Behav Decis Mak 14:331–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luke T, Brook-Crater N, Pares AM, Grimes E, Mills A (2006) An investigation of train driver visual strategies. Cogn Technol Work 8:15–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McInerney PA (2005) Special commission of inquiry into the waterfall rail accident. Final report

  • McLeod RW, Walker G, Moray N, Love G (2003) Project summary report: driver reliability with extended AWS. Nickleby HFE Ltd, B/C271/FD.5

  • McLeod RW, Walker GH, Moray N (2005) Analysing and modeling train driver performance. Appl Ergon 36:671–680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNaughton A (2003) Opening address. In: First European conference on rail human factors, New York

  • Militello LG, Hutton RJB (1998) Applied cognitive task analysis (ACTA): a practitioner’s toolkit for understanding cognitive task demands. Ergonomics 41:1618–1641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Hare D, Wiggins M, Williams A, Wong W (1998) Cognitive task analyses for decision centered design and training. Ergonomics 41:1698–1718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson E, Jansson A (2005) Participatory design with train drivers: a process analysis. Interact Comput 17:147–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson B, Stine JL, Darken RP (2004) Eliciting knowledge from military ground navigators. In: Montgomery H, Lipshitz R, Brehmer B (eds) How Professionals Make Decisions. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah

    Google Scholar 

  • Roach GD, Dorrian J, Fletcher A, Dawson D (2001) Comparing the effects of fatigue and alcohol consumption on locomotive engineer’s performance in a rail simulator. J Human Ergol 30:125–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Salas E, Oser RL, Cannon-Bowers JA, Daskarolis E (1999) Team training in virtual environments. In: Stanney KM (eds) Handbook of virtual environments. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp 873–892

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation (2004) Simulating can be stimulating: virtual reality is the next best thing to putting a trainee train driver on the track. Int Railway J 44:41–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Tichon J, Hall RH, Hilgers MG, Leu MC, Agarwal A (2003) Education and training in virtual environments for disaster management. In: Proceedings of World conference on educational multimedia, hypermedia and telecommunications. Honolulu, pp 1191–1194

  • Wilson JR, Norris BJ (2006) Human factors in support of a successful railway: a review. Cogn Technol Work 8:4–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong W (2005) The integrated decision model in emergency dispatch management and its implications for design. Austral J Inform Syst 2:95–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Zakay D, Wooler S (1984) Time pressure, training and decision effectiveness. Ergonomics 27:273–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The financial support of Railcorp and the Australian Research Council is gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jennifer G. Tichon.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tichon, J.G. The use of expert knowledge in the development of simulations for train driver training. Cogn Tech Work 9, 177–187 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-006-0048-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-006-0048-6

Keywords

Navigation