Abstract
The microalga Pavlova lutheri is a potential source of economically valuable docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids. Specific chemical and physical culture conditions may enhance their biochemical synthesis. There are studies relating the effect of CO2 on growth; however, this parameter should not be assessed independently, as its effect strongly depends on the light intensity available. In this research, the combined effects of light intensity and CO2 content on growth and fatty acid profile in P. lutheri were ascertained, in order to optimize polyunsaturated fatty acid production. The influence of the operation mode was also tested via growing the cultures by batch and by continuous cultivation. Higher light intensities associated with lower dilution rates promoted increases in both cell population and weight per cell. Increased levels of CO2 favored the total lipid content, but decreased the amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Mass productivities of eicosapentaenoic acid (3.61 ± 0.04 mg · L−1 · d−1) and docosahexaenoic acid (1.29 ± 0.01 mg · L−1 · d−1) were obtained in cultures supplied with 0.5% (v/v) CO2, at a dilution rate of 0.297 d−1 and a light intensity of 120 μE · m−2 · s−1.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J Beardall A Johnston J Raven (1998) ArticleTitleEnvironmental regulation of CO2-concentrating mechanisms in microalgae Can J Bot 76 1010–1017 Occurrence Handle10.1139/cjb-76-6-1010
EW Becker (1994) Microalgae: Biotechnology and Microbiology Cambridge University Press Cambridge, U.K.
WJ Bligh WJ Dyer (1959) ArticleTitleA rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification Can J Biochem Physiol 37 911–917 Occurrence Handle13671378
AP Carvalho FX Malcata (2000) ArticleTitleEffect of culture media on production of Pavlova lutheri Cryptog Algol 21 59–71 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0181-1568(00)00101-X
AP Carvalho FX Malcata (2003) ArticleTitleKinetic modeling of the autotrophic growth of Pavlova lutheri: study of the combined influence of light and temperature Biotechnol Prog 19 1128–1135 Occurrence Handle10.1021/bp034083+ Occurrence Handle12892472
T Chrismadha MA Borowitzka (1994) ArticleTitleEffect of cell density and irradiance on growth, proximate composition and eicosapentaenoic acid production of Phaeodactylum tricornutum grown in a tubular photobioreactor J Appl Phycol 6 67–74
Z Cohen A Vonshak A Richmond (1988) ArticleTitleEffect of environmental conditions on fatty acid composition of the red alga Porphyridium cruentum: correlation to growth rate J Phycol 24 328–332
GA Dunstan JK Volkman SM Barret CD Garland (1993) ArticleTitleChanges in the lipid composition and maximisation of the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of three microalgae grown in mass culture J Appl Phycol 5 71–83
D Firestone (1994) The Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society American Oil Chemist’ Society Champaign, Ill.
D Kaplan AE Richmond Z Dubinsky S Aaronson (1986) CRC Handbook of Microalgal Mass Culture CRC Press Boca Raton, Fla.
G Lepage C Roy (1984) ArticleTitleImproved recovery of fatty acid through direct transesterification without prior extraction or purification J Lipid Res 25 1391–1396 Occurrence Handle6530596
E Molina-Grima FG Camacho JAS Pérez JLG Sanchéz (1994a) ArticleTitleBiochemical productivity and fatty acid profiles of Isochrysis galbana Parke and Tetraselmis sp. as a function of incident light intensity Proc Biochem 29 119–126 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0032-9592(94)80004-9
E Molina-Grima JAS Pérez FG Camacho FGA Fernandez JMF Sevilla FV Sanz (1994b) ArticleTitleEffect of dilution rate on eicosapentaenoic acid productivity of Phaeodactylum tricornutum UTEX640 in outdoor chemostat culture Biotechnol Lett 16 1035–1040 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01022399
M Negoro N Shioji K Miyamoto Y Miura (1991) ArticleTitleGrowth of microalgae in high CO2 gas and effects of SOX and NOX Appl Biochem Biotechnol 28/29 877–885
NA Pronina NB Rogova S Furnadzhieva GL Klyachko-Gurvich (1998) ArticleTitleEffect of CO2 concentration on the fatty acid composition of lipids in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ω-3, a mutant deficient in CO2−concentrating mechanism Russian J Plant Physiol 45 447–455
A Reis L Gouveia V Veloso HL Fernandes JA Empis JM Novais (1996) ArticleTitleEicosapentaenoic acid–rich biomass production by the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum in a continuous-flow reactor Bior Technol 55 83–88 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0960-8524(95)00157-3
JH Robin (1995) The importance of n-6 fatty acids in the culture of marine fish larvae K Pittman RS Batty J Verreth (Eds) Proceedings of the Symposium in Mass Rearing of Juvenile Fish Bergen Norway 106–111
Sargent JR, Bell JG, Bell MV, Henderson, RJ, and Tocher, DR (1994) Marine organisms as models for essential fatty acid research. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Marine Biotechnology Conference. (Tromsoe, Norway: Tromsoe University, 94)
N Sato M Tsuzuki A Kawaguchi (2003) ArticleTitleGlycerolipid synthesis in Chlorella kessleri 11 h, II: effect of the CO2 concentration during growth. Biochim Biophys Acta 1633 35–42
P Sorgeloos M Dehasque P Dhert P Lavens (1995) Review of some aspects of marine fish larviculture K Pittman RS Batty J Verreth (Eds) Proceedings of the Symposium in Mass Rearing of Juvenile Fish Bergen Norway pp 138–142
A Sukenik Y Carmeli (1989) ArticleTitleRegulation of fatty acid composition by irradiance level in the eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis sp J Phycol 25 686–692 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.0022-3646.1989.00686.x
A Sukenik Y Yamaguchi A Livne (1993a) ArticleTitleAlterations in lipid molecular species of the marine eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis sp J Phycol 29 620–626 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.0022-3646.1993.00620.x
A Sukenik O Zmora Y Carmeli (1993b) ArticleTitleBiochemical quality of marine unicellular algae with special emphasis on lipid composition, II: Nannochloropsis sp Aquaculture 117 313–326 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0044-8486(93)90328-V
M Tsuzuki E Ohnuma N Sato T Takaku A Kawaguchi (1990) ArticleTitleEffects of CO2 concentration during growth on fatty acid composition in microalgae Plant Physiol 93 851–856
JK Volkman SW Jeffrey PD Nichols GL Rogers CD Garland (1989) ArticleTitleFatty acid and lipid composition of 10 species of microalgae used in mariculture J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 128 219–240 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0022-0981(89)90029-4
JK Volkman GA Dunstan SW Jeffrey PS Kearney (1991) ArticleTitleFatty acids from microalgae of the genus Pavlova Phytochem 30 1855–1859 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0031-9422(91)85028-X
JK Volkman GA Dunstan SM Barret PD Nichols SW Jeffrey (1992) Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids of microalgae used as feedstocks in aquaculture GL Allan W Dall (Eds) Proceedings of the Aquaculture Nutrition Workshop NSW Fisheries Salamander Bay, Australia pp 180–186
W Yongmanitchai OP Ward (1991) ArticleTitleScreening of algae for potential alternative sources of eicosapentaenoic acid Phytochemistry 30 2963–2967 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0031-9422(00)98231-1
W Yongmanitchai OP Ward (1992) ArticleTitleGrowth and eicosapentaenoic acid production by Phaeodactylum tricornutum in batch and continuous culture systems JAOCS 69 584–590
Acknowledgments
This research effort received financial support by a Ph.D. fellowship (BD/2838/93-IF) for A.P.C., issued by program PRAXIS XXI, and a project grant (MICROPESCA/0072/04), issued by program MARE.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carvalho, A.P., Malcata, F.X. Optimization of ω-3 fatty acid production by microalgae: crossover effects of CO2 and light intensity under batch and continuous cultivation modes. Mar Biotechnol 7, 381–388 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-004-4047-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-004-4047-4