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Novel Antifoulants: Inhibition of Larval Attachment by Proteases

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Abstract

We investigated the effect of commercially available enzymes (α-amylase, α-galactosidase, papain, trypsin, and lipase) as well as proteases from deep-sea bacteria on the larval attachment of the bryozoan Bugula neritina L. The 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of the commercial proteases were 10 times lower than those of other enzymes. Crude proteases from six deep-sea Pseudoalteromonas species significantly decreased larval attachment at concentrations of 0.03 to 1 mIU ml−1. The EC50 of the pure protease from the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas issachenkonii UST041101-043 was close to 1 ng ml−1 (0.1 mIU ml−1). The protease and trypsin individually incorporated in a water-soluble paint matrix inhibited biofouling in a field experiment. There are certain correlations between production of proteases by bacterial films and inhibition of larval attachment. None of the bacteria with biofilms that induced attachment of B. neritina produced proteolytic enzymes, whereas most of the bacteria that formed inhibitive biofilms produced proteases. Our investigation demonstrated the potential use of proteolytic enzymes for antifouling defense.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Hans-Uwe Dahms (Germany) for his useful suggestions on the manuscript; Dr. Tony Rathburn (USA) for facilitating collection of deep-sea samples; Dr. Linsheng Song (China) for his help in isolation of bacteria; and the crew, pilots, and the captain of the R/V Revelle and Jason II (USA) for their assistance. This work was supported by the West Coast National Undersea Research Center Grant UAF-04-0112 to L.A.L., a grant from China Ocean Mineral Resource Research and Development Association (COMRRDA 03/04.SC01), and a Central Allocation grant (CAS04/05.Sc01) to P.Y.Q., and partially by an Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship to S.D.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Coastal Marine Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China

    Sergey Dobretsov, Hairong Xiong, Ying Xu & Pei-Yuan Qian

  2. IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel University, Duesternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany

    Sergey Dobretsov

  3. Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA

    Lisa A. Levin

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  1. Sergey Dobretsov
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Correspondence to Sergey Dobretsov.

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Dobretsov, S., Xiong, H., Xu, Y. et al. Novel Antifoulants: Inhibition of Larval Attachment by Proteases. Mar Biotechnol 9, 388–397 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-007-7091-z

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