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Software and Systems Modeling
Erschienen in: Software and Systems Modeling 1/2019

09.01.2017 | Regular Paper

Lessons learned from developing mbeddr: a case study in language engineering with MPS

verfasst von: Markus Voelter, Bernd Kolb, Tamás Szabó, Daniel Ratiu, Arie van Deursen

Erschienen in: Software and Systems Modeling | Ausgabe 1/2019

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Abstract

Language workbenches are touted as a promising technology to engineer languages for use in a wide range of domains, from programming to science to business. However, not many real-world case studies exist that evaluate the suitability of language workbench technology for this task. This paper contains such a case study. In particular, we evaluate the development of mbeddr, a collection of integrated languages and language extensions built with the Jetbrains MPS language workbench. mbeddr consists of 81 languages, with their IDE support, 34 of them C extensions. The mbeddr languages use a wide variety of notations—textual, tabular, symbolic and graphical—and the C extensions are modular; new extensions can be added without changing the existing implementation of C. mbeddr’s development has spanned 10 person-years so far, and the tool is used in practice and continues to be developed. This makes mbeddr a meaningful case study of non-trivial size and complexity. The evaluation is centered around five research questions: language modularity, notational freedom and projectional editing, mechanisms for managing complexity, performance and scalability issues and the consequences for the development process. We draw generally positive conclusions; language engineering with MPS is ready for real-world use. However, we also identify a number of areas for improvement in the state of the art in language engineering in general, and in MPS in particular.
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Fußnoten
3
This and other statements about Jetbrains’ activities are based on our regular communication with the MPS team at Jetbrains (see Sect. 5.2) and used with their permission.
 
4
Technically, MPS’ abstract syntax is a graph because it contains cross-references in addition to the containment structures of a tree. We call it AST nonetheless.
 
5
Watch this video https://​www.​youtube.​com/​watch?​v=​iN2PflvXUqQ to gain a better understanding of projectional editing.
 
6
Essentially, they make the user decide in situations where a parser would encounter an ambiguity.
 
7
We have used the MPS projectional editor also with users from business domains who do not have years of exposure to textual IDEs; for them, a projectional editor is much easier to get used to.
 
9
For Eclipse users: the project corresponds to the Eclipse Workspace, the modules correspond to projects, and models correspond to files or packages.
 
10
The set of aspects used to define a language includes transformations. A language that contains only transformations for concepts defined in another language is still called a language in MPS.
 
11
As long as MPS uses textual notations for language definition, we show the example code as text; when non-textual notations are used, such as in editor definitions, we use screenshots.
 
12
A concept can have several editors; they can be switched for each program.
 
13
For historic reasons, MPS uses %child% to enclose child cells in editors.
 
14
Strictly speaking, some of this behavior is defined in Actions aspect. However, since the Editor and Actions aspects will be merged in the upcoming version of MPS, we already treat them as one in this tutorial.
 
15
Remember that a projectional editor only lets the user enter programs that are structurally valid.
 
16
In traditional, parser-based language definitions, the type system is typically considered to also include the name-based resolution of references. However, in MPS, references are not encoded by name resolution rules, but by actual references to the unique ID of the target node that are established upon entering the reference (by code completion or plain typing).
 
17
It is also possible to use a pattern that is matched against the tree, roughly similar to tree pattern matching in Scala [62] or Stratego [94].
 
18
The expression is not visible in Fig. 4 because it is shown in the macro’s inspector, an additional IDE window that shows details about the node currently selected in the main editor.
 
19
The first two years of mbeddr development happened as part of the LWES research project, a KMU Innovativ project funded by BMBF under FKZ 01/S11014. The participating companies were itemis, fortiss, SICK, Lear and BMW Car IT.
 
21
This is not the number of lines generated from the DSL code, but an equivalent, linearized, textual representation of the program nodes in the MPS AST.
 
22
Note that debugging and build support are outside core; counting all of CDT’s non-test *.java files result in roughly 1.4 million lines.
 
23
Despite the fact that it is called mbeddr.platform, its contents have been developed during several MPS-based projects, not just mbeddr.
 
24
There are restrictions. For example, in an editor one cannot call super to delegate to the editor of the base concept.
 
25
Another way of solving this issue is to make functions and runnables implement a common interface, and then make the tracing language insert trace points to all nodes that implement that interface; however, this would lead to the need to (retroactively) introduce this new interface, requiring invasive changes to the components language. This is also not desirable.
 
26
A map associated with each node.
 
27
Traces are pointers from program nodes to requirements to help with quality assurance [108].
 
28
The mechanism is the same as for annotations. They are also stored in a special child collection, and the editor is aware of this collection when projecting the tree.
 
29
Typically, the language syntax is specified using a grammar, which is an aspect-specific DSL. In addition, some tools provide DSLs for code generation or model transformation. But all other aspects are implemented using the same language.
 
30
The same problem occurs in the context of verification: lifting the low-level counterexamples generated by a verification tool to the level of the DSLs in MPS also requires this reverse mapping.
 
31
Note that, because one cannot write code before the language structure and syntax are implemented, MPS does not support test-first development for language syntax. However, it supports test-driven development, where, for every piece of language syntax one defines, one can immediately write a test case. For other kinds of tests (type checks, semantics), a test-first approach is feasible and has been used occasionally by the mbeddr team.
 
33
In a projectional editor like MPS, only changes to the language structure may lead to the need to migrate models; a change in concrete can simply be achieved by changing the projection rules; the new notation is rendered as soon as users open the program with the updated language.
 
36
The developers, Solmi and Persiani, have talked about commercial projects in finance with the authors of this paper.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Lessons learned from developing mbeddr: a case study in language engineering with MPS
verfasst von
Markus Voelter
Bernd Kolb
Tamás Szabó
Daniel Ratiu
Arie van Deursen
Publikationsdatum
09.01.2017
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Software and Systems Modeling / Ausgabe 1/2019
Print ISSN: 1619-1366
Elektronische ISSN: 1619-1374
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-016-0575-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2019

Software and Systems Modeling 1/2019 Zur Ausgabe

Special Section Paper

Experimental evaluation of a novel equivalence class partition testing strategy

Guest Editorial

Editorial to theme issue on model-driven engineering of component-based software systems

Editorial

SoSyM reflections: the 2018 “State of the Journal” report

Regular Paper

Synthesis and exploration of multi-level, multi-perspective architectures of automotive embedded systems

Theme Section Paper

Transactional execution of hierarchical reconfigurations in cyber-physical systems

Regular Paper

A metrics suite for UML model stability