Abstract
The PRIDE Lab at GNSS Research Center of Wuhan University has developed an open-source software for GPS precise point positioning ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) (i.e., PRIDE PPP-AR). Released under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3 (GPLv3, http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html), PRIDE PPP-AR supports relevant research, application and development with GPS post-processing PPP-AR. PRIDE PPP-AR is mainly composed of two modules, undifferenced GPS processing and single-station ambiguity resolution. Undifferenced GPS processing provides float solutions with wide-lane and narrow-lane ambiguity estimates. Later, single-station ambiguity resolution makes use of the phase clock/bias products, which are released also by the PRIDE Lab at ftp://pridelab.whu.edu.cn/pub/whu/phasebias/, to recover the integer nature of single-station ambiguities and then carry out integer ambiguity resolution. PRIDE PPP-AR is based on a least-squares estimator to produce daily, sub-daily or kinematic solutions for various geophysical applications. To facilitate the usage of this software, a few user-friendly shell scripts for batch processing have also been provided along with PRIDE PPP-AR. In this article, we use 1 month of GPS data (days 001–031 in 2018) to demonstrate the performance of PRIDE PPP-AR software. The PRIDE Lab is committed to consistently improve the software package and keep users updated through our website.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Blewitt G (1990) An automatic editing algorithm for GPS data. Geophys Res Lett 17(3):199–202. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i003p00199
Blewitt G, Kreemer C, Hammond WC, Plag HP, Stein S, Okal E (2016) Rapid determination of earthquake magnitude using GPS for tsunami warning systems. Geophys Res Lett 33(11):L11309. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026145
Boehm J, Niell A, Tregoning P, Schuh H (2006a) Global mapping function (GMF): a new empirical mapping function based on numerical weather model data. Geophys Res Lett 33(7):L07304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025546
Boehm J, Werl B, Schuh H (2006b) Troposphere mapping functions for GPS and very long baseline interferometry from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational analysis data. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 111(B2):1059–1075. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003629
Calais E, Han JY, Demets C, Nocquet JM (2006) Deformation of the North American plate interior from a decade of continuous GPS measurements. J Geophys Res Solid Earth. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jb004253
Collins P, Lahaye F, Héroux P, Bisnath S (2008) Precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution using the decoupled clock model. In: Proceedings of ION GNSS 2008, Institute of Navigation, Savannah, Georgia, US, September 16–19, 1315–1322
de Lacy MC, Reguzzoni M, Sansò F, Venuti G (2008) The Bayesian detection of discontinuities in a polynomial regression and its application to the cycle-slip problem. J Geodesy 82(9):527–542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-007-0203-8
Ge M, Gendt G, Ma Rothacher, Shi C, Liu J (2008) Resolution of GPS carrier-phase ambiguities in precise point positioning (PPP) with daily observations. J Geodesy 82(7):389–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-007-0208-3
Geng J, Shi C (2017) Rapid initialization of real-time PPP by resolving undifferenced GPS and GLONASS ambiguities simultaneously. J Geodesy 91(4):361–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-016-0969-7
Geng J, Teferle FN, Shi C, Meng X, Dodson AH, Liu J (2009) Ambiguity resolution in precise point positioning with hourly data. GPS Solutions 13(4):263–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-009-0119-2
Geng J, Meng X, Dodson AH, Ge M, Teferle FN (2010a) Rapid re-convergences to ambiguity-fixed solutions in precise point positioning. J Geodesy 84(12):705–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-010-0404-4
Geng J, Meng X, Dodson AH, Teferle FN (2010b) Integer ambiguity resolution in precise point positioning: method comparison. J Geodesy 84(9):569–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-010-0399-x
Ghoddousi-Fard R, Dare P (2005) Online GPS processing services: an initial study. GPS Solutions 10(1):12–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-005-0147-5
Hatch R (1982) The synergism of GPS code and carrier measurements. In: Proceedings of the third international symposium on satellite doppler positioning at physical sciences laboratory of New Mexico State University, Feb 8–12, vol 2, pp 1213–1231
Hofmann-Wellenhof B, Lichtenegger H, Collins J (2012) Global positioning system: theory and practice. Springer, New York, p 389
Huang L, Lu Z, Zhai G, Ouyang Y, Huang M, Lu X, Wu T, Li K (2016) A new triple-frequency cycle slip detecting algorithm validated with BDS data. GPS Solutions 20(4):761–769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-015-0487-8
Kouba J, Héroux P (2001) Precise point positioning using IGS orbit and clock products. GPS Solutions 5(2):12–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00012883
Laurichesse D, Mercier F, Berthias JP, Broca P, Cerri L (2009) Integer ambiguity resolution on undifferenced GPS phase measurements and its application to PPP and satellite precise orbit determination. Navigation 56(2):135–149
Leandro RF, Santos MC, Langley RB (2011) Analyzing GNSS data in precise point positioning software. GPS Solut 15(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-010-0173-9
Liu Z (2010) A new automated cycle slip detection and repair method for a single dual-frequency GPS receiver. J Geodesy 85(3):171–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-010-0426-y
Liu J, Ge M (2003) PANDA software and its preliminary result of positioning and orbit determination. Wuhan Univ J Nat Sci 8:603
Loyer S, Perosanz F, Mercier F, Capdeville H, Marty JC (2012) Zero-difference GPS ambiguity resolution at CNES–CLS IGS analysis center. J Geodesy 86(11):991–1003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-012-0559-2
Malys S, Jensen PA (1990) Geodetic point positioning with GPS carrier beat phase data from the CASA UNO experiment. Geophys Res Lett 17(5):651–654
Melbourne WG (1985) The case for ranging in GPS-based geodetic systems. In: Proceedings of the first international symposium on precise positioning with the Global Positioning System, Rockville, US, pp 373–386
Niell AE (1996) Global mapping functions for the atmosphere delay at radio wavelengths. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 101(B2):3227–3246. https://doi.org/10.1029/95jb03048
Petrie EJ, King MA, Moore P, Lavallée DA (2010) Higher-order ionospheric effects on the GPS reference frame and velocities. J Geophys Res Atmos 115(B3):153–164. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006677
Rocken C, Johnson J, Hove TV, Iwabuchi T (2005) Atmospheric water vapor and geoid measurements in the open ocean with GPS. Geophys Res Lett 32(12):L12813. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022573
Saastamoinen J (1973) Contributions to the theory of atmospheric refraction. Part II. Refraction corrections in satellite geodesy. Bull Géodésique 107(1):13–34
Schwarz CR, Snay RA, Soler T (2009) Accuracy assessment of the National Geodetic Survey’s OPUS-RS utility. GPS Solut 13(2):119–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-008-0105-0
Teunissen PJG (1998) Success probability of integer GPS ambiguity rounding and bootstrapping. J Geodesy 72(10):606–612
Teunissen PJG, Kleusberg A (1998) GPS for geodesy, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg
Ueda I, Mitsuman H, Takigawa T, Akesaka H (2007) Second-order ionospheric term in GPS: implementation and impact on geodetic estimates. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 112(B8):265–271. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004707
Wu JT, Wu SC, Hajj GA, Bertiger WI, Lichten SM (1993) Effects of antenna orientation on GPS carrier phase. Astrodynamics 1993:1647–1660
Wübbena G (1985) Software developments for geodetic positioning with GPS using TI-4100 code and carrier measurements. In: Proceedings of the first international symposium on precise positioning with the global positioning system, Rockville, US, pp 403–412
Xiao G, Mayer M, Heck B, Sui L, Zeng T, Zhao D (2017) Improved time-differenced cycle slip detect and repair for GNSS undifferenced observations. GPS Solut 22(1):6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-017-0677-7
Yan X, Yang G (2017) Improving DCB estimation using uncombined PPP. Navigation 64(4):463–473
Zumberge JF, Heflin MB, Jefferson DC, Watkins MM, Webb FH (1997) Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 102(B3):5005–5017. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03860
Acknowledgements
PRIDE PPP-AR is an open-source software package which is based on many GNSS professionals’ collective work in GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University. We would like to thank them all for their contributions to this software. The entire open-source project is funded by National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41674033 and 41861134009) and is under the auspices of IAG JWG 4.4.1 “New GNSS Signals for Crustal Motion Studies.” We are also grateful for the supercomputing system in the Supercomputing Center of Wuhan University which bolsters all the test work of this software.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The GPS Tool Box is a column dedicated to highlighting algorithms and source code utilized by GPS engineers and scientists. If you have an interesting program or software package you would like to share with our readers, please pass it along; e-mail it to us at gpstoolbox@ngs.noaa.gov. To comment on any of the source code discussed here, or to download source code, visit our website at http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/gps-toolbox. This column is edited by Stephen Hilla, National Geodetic Survey, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, and Mike Craymer, Geodetic Survey Division, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Geng, J., Chen, X., Pan, Y. et al. PRIDE PPP-AR: an open-source software for GPS PPP ambiguity resolution. GPS Solut 23, 91 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0888-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0888-1