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Review of fly ash inertisation treatments and recycling

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Abstract

Fly ash (FA) is a by-product of power, and incineration plants operated either on coal and biomass, or on municipal solid waste. FA can be divided into coal fly ash, obtained from power plant burning coal, flue gas desulphurisation FA, that is, the by-product generated by the air pollution control equipment in coal-fired power plants to reduce the release of SO2, biomass FA produced in the plants for thermal conversion of biomass and municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) FA, that is, the finest residue obtained from the scrubber system in a MSWI plant. Because of the large amount produced in the world, fly ash is now considered the world’s fifth largest material resource. The composition of FA is very variable, depending on its origins; then, also pollutants can be very different. In this frame, it is fundamental to exploit the chemical or physical potentials of FA constituents, thus rendering them second-life functionality. This review paper is addressed to FA typology, composition, treatment, recycling, functional reuse and metal and organic pollutants abatement. Because of the general growing of environmental awareness and increasing energy and material demand, it is expected that increasing recycling rates will reduce the pressure on demand for primary raw materials, help to reuse valuable materials which would otherwise be wasted and reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from extraction and processing.

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Abbreviations

AES:

Acid extraction sulphide stabilisation process

APC:

Air pollution control

COSMOS:

Colloidal silica medium to obtain safe inert

DC:

Direct current

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetate

FA:

Fly ash

FGD:

Flue gas desulphurisation

LCA:

Life cycle assessments

LOI:

Loss of ignition

MSWI:

Municipal solid waste incineration

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PCB:

Polychlorinated bifenyl

PCDD:

Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

PCDF:

Polychlorodibenzo-p-furan

POP:

Persistent hazardous organic pollutants

RHA:

Rice husk ash

S/S:

Solidification/stabilisation

TEQ:

Toxic equivalent

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Acknowledgments

The authors from the Brescia University (Italy) acknowledge LIFE+ financial instrument of the European Community (LIFE+ 2011 project ENV/IT/ 256) and RPWJ Struis thanks Prof. Chr. Ludwig (EPFL, Switzerland) for valuable discussions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Brescia University, Via Branze 38, 25023, Brescia, Italy

    Annalisa Zacco, Laura Borgese, Alessandra Gianoncelli, Laura E. Depero & Elza Bontempi

  2. General Energy Research (ENE), Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis (LBK), Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland

    Rudolf P. W. J. Struis

  3. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL-ENAC-IIE), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Rudolf P. W. J. Struis

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  1. Annalisa Zacco
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  2. Laura Borgese
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  4. Rudolf P. W. J. Struis
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Correspondence to Elza Bontempi.

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Zacco, A., Borgese, L., Gianoncelli, A. et al. Review of fly ash inertisation treatments and recycling. Environ Chem Lett 12, 153–175 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-014-0454-6

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