Abstract
To gain a deep understanding of the interaction between underground mining and mountain deformation, based on historical deformation and the UAV video, we analyzed the evolution process of deformation and failure in detail and comprehensively evaluated the slope deformation and fracture network under the action of underground mining via the bottom friction physical simulation test, DPDM technology, fractal theory, and percolation theory. We simulated the whole process of mining, deformation, and failure of the Pusa collapse. DPDM technology was employed to obtain the evolution process of the total displacement, maximum shear strain (γmax), and volumetric strain εv of the Pusa collapse and establish a relationship between the fractal dimension and settlement. Simultaneously, the fractal dimension, fracture number, fracture rate, and percolation probability of the fracture network were calculated in MATLAB software. The research results of the bottom friction physical simulation test and DPDM technology indicated that after the M10 coal seam was mined, the maximum total displacement and maximum shear strain γmax were mainly located in the direct roof, resulting in volume expansion due to the direct roof collapse. After the M14 coal seam was mined, the maximum total displacement and volume strain εv developed towards the slope top, and the maximum shear strain was located in the middle and lower parts of the model surface and the leading and trailing edges of the slope top, respectively. The research results of fractal dimension and percolation probability indicated that after the M10 coal seam was mined, the development form of the fracture network at this stage mainly entailed the formation of new fractures. After the M14 coal seam was mined, the fracture network developed from beyond this stage mainly included fracture expansion and opening. The test results are consistent with the historical change process and the UAV video showing the method and signs of deformation. These research results help to better explain the deformation evolution process of a given slope under the action of underground mining and provide a technical reference for accurate assessment and proper mitigation of similar landslide disasters.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aydan Ö, Kawamoto T (1992) The stability of slopes and underground openings against flexural toppling and their stabilisation. Rock Mech Rock Eng 25(3):143–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01019709
Aydan Ö, Shimizu Y, Ichikawa Y (1989) The effective failure modes and stability of slopes in rock mass with two discontinuity sets. Rock Mech Rock Eng 22(3):163–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01470985
Berkowitz B (1995) Analysis of fracture network connectivity using percolation theory. Math Geol 27(4):467–483
Bray JW, Goodman RE (1981) The theory of base friction models. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abs 18(6):453–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(81)90510-6
Broadbent SR, Hammersley JM (1957) Percolation processes. Math Proc Cambridge Philos Soc 53(03):629–641. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305004100032680
Cai GJ, Huang RQ, Yan M et al (2008) Physical simulation study on deformation and failure response of an anti-inclined slope during excavation. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 27(4):811–817 (in Chinese)
Chen L, Zhao C, Kang Y et al (2020) Pre-event deformation and failure mechanism analysis of the Pusa Landslide, China with multi-sensor SAR imagery. Remote Sens 12(5):856. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12050856
Chen L, Zhao C, Li B et al (2021) Deformation monitoring and failure mode research of mining-induced Jianshanying landslide in karst mountain area, China with ALOS/PALSAR-2 images. Landslides 18(8):2739–2750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01678-6
Chi X, Yang K, Wei Z (2021) Breaking and mining-induced stress evolution of overlying strata in the working face of a steeply dipping coal seam. Int J Coal Sci Technol 8(4):614–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-020-00392-3
China National Meteorological Data Center[DB/OL]. http://www.nmic.cn/dataService/cdcindex/datacode/A.0012.0001/show_value/normal.html. Accessed 8 Oct 2021
Dong J, Li H, Wang Y et al (2021) Characteristics and monitoring-based analysis on deformation mechanism of Jianshanying landslide, Guizhou Province, southwestern China. Arab J Geosci 14(3):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06473-0
Dong X, Pei X, Huang R (2015) The Longchangzhen collapse in Kaili, Guizhou: characteristics and failure causes. Chin J Geol Hazard Cont 26(03):3–9. https://doi.org/10.16031/j.cnki.issn.1003-8035.2015.03.02. (in Chinese)
Earnshaw JC, Robinson J (1995) Inter-cluster scaling in two-dimensional colloidal aggregation. Phys A 214(1):23–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(94)00254-Q
Falconer KJ (1986) The geometry of fractal sets. Cambridge University Press
Fan X, Xu Q, Scaringi G et al (2019) The “long” runout rock avalanch-e in Pusa, China, on August 28, 2017: a preliminary report. Landslides 16(1):139–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1084-z
Feng C, Li S, Liu X et al (2014) A semi-spring and semi-edge combined c-ontact model in CDEM and its application to analysis of Jiweishan landslide. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 6(1):26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2013.12.001
Hoshen J, Kopelman R (1976) Percolation and cluster distribution. I. Cluster multiple labeling technique and critical concentration algorithm. Phys Rev B 14(8):3438–3445. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.14.3438
Jafari A, Babadagli T (2013) Relationship between percolation–fractal properties and permeability of 2- fracture networks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 60:353–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.01.007
Li B, Wang G, Feng Z et al (2015a) Failure mechanism of steeply inclined rock slope induced by underground mining. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 34(06):1148–1161. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2014.0974. (in Chinese)
Li D, Zhou H, Xue D et al (2015b) Relationship between percolation and fractal properties of mining-induced crack network in coal and rock masses. Chin Rock Soil Mech 36(04):1135–1140. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2015.04.030. (in Chinese)
Li Q, Zhang C (2021) Damage conduction model of high intensity mining in western mining area based on conservation of mining space and its application. J Min Saf Eng 38(01):1–8. https://doi.org/10.13545/j.cnki.jmse.2019.0494. (in Chinese)
Li TF, Li X, Li SD et al (2012) Mechanism of slope failure induced by undermining—a case study of Jiweishan rockslide in Wulong. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 31(S2):3803–3810. (in Chinese)
Li Y, Jing H, Zeng Q (2006) Development and application of digital photogrammetry software package for geotechnical engineering. Chin J Rock Mech Eng (S2):3859–3866. https://doi.org/CNKI:SUN:YSLX.0.2006-S2-081. (in Chinese)
Li Y, Lin ZB, Jing HW et al (2012) High-accuracy digital speckle correlation method for rock with dynamic fractures. Chin J Geotech Eng 34(06):1060–1068 (in Chinese)
Li Y, Tang X, Yang S et al (2019) Evolution of the broken rock zone in the mixed ground tunnel based on the DSCM. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 84:248–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.11.017
Li Y, Yang S, Tang X et al (2020) Experimental investigation of the deformation and failure behavior of a tunnel excavated in mixed strata using transparent soft rock. KSCE J Civ Eng 24(3):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-0072-8
Li Y, Zhang Q, Lin Z et al (2016) Spatiotemporal evolution rule of rocks fracture surrounding gob-side roadway with model experiments. Int J Min Sci Technol 26(5):895–902
Lin F, Wu LZ, Huang RQ et al (2018) Formation and characteristics of the Xiaoba landslide in Fuquan, Guizhou. China Landslides 15(4):669–681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0897-5
Liu C, Xue J, Guefeng Y et al (2016) Fractal characterization for the mining crack evolution process of overlying strata based on microseismic monitoring technology. Int J Min Sci Technol 26(2):295–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2015.12.016
Luo H, Yin Y, Xing A et al (2020) Characteristic analysis of the Nayong rock avalanche based on the seismic signal. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing 570(4):042043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/570/4/042043
Margolina A, Nakanishi H, Stauffer D et al (1984) Monte Carlo and series study of corrections to scaling in two-dimensional percolation. J Phys a: Math Gen 17(8):1683. https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/17/8/024
Ning Y, Tang H, Zhang B et al (2020) Investigation of the rock similar material proportion based on orthogonal design and its application in base friction physical model tests. Chin Rock Soil Mech 41(6):2009–2020. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2019.1552. (in Chinese)
Perfect E (1997) Fractal models for the fragmentation of rocks and soils: a review. Eng Geol 48(3–4):185–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(97)00040-9
Pirasteh S, Shamsipour G, Gouxiang L et al (2020) A new algorithm for landslide geometric and deformation analysis supported by digital elevation models. Earth Sci Inf 13(2):361–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-019-00437-5
Robinson PC (1983) Connectivity of fracture systems-a percolation theory approach. J Phys a: Math Gen 16(3):605
Shi W, Yu X, Sherizadeh T et al (2019) Deformation and failure mechanism of a collapse induced by underground mining—a study of the Pusa collapse in Guizhou province of China. 53rd US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. OnePetro
Wang X, Xiao Y, Shi W et al (2022) Forensic analysis and numerical simulation of a catastrophic landslide of dissolved and fractured rock slope subject to underground mining. Landslides. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01842-y
Wang Y, Sun S, Pang B et al (2020) Experimental study on unloading deformation mechanisms of soft base dumps of open-pit mines. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 39(2):359–373. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2019.0518. (in Chinese)
Wang ZG (2011) Research on the evolution law of mining induced crack network in overlying rock strata of deep mining. Chin Univ Mining Technol (Beijing)
Wei X, Gao M, Lv Y et al (2012) Evolution of a mining induced fracture network in the overburden strata of an inclined coal seam. Int J Min Sci Technol 22(6):779–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2012.11.004
Xiao D, Hu H, Dong Y (2004) Floor-friction simulation for deformation and failure of slop. Technol Econ Areas Comm (TEAC) (01):16–18.https://doi.org/10.19348/j.cnki.issn1008-5696.2004.01.007
Xu T, Xu Q, Deng M et al (2014) A numerical analysis of rock creep-induced slide: a case study from Jiweishan Mountain. Chin Environ Earth Sci 72(6):2111–2128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3119-7
Yang Z, Jiang Y, Li B et al (2020) Study on the mechanism of deep and large fracture propagation and transfixion in karst slop under the action of mining. J Geomecha 26(04):459–470. https://doi.org/10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2020.26.0.04.039. (in Chinese)
Yang Z, Zhao Q, Liu X et al (2022) Experimental study on the movement and failure characteristics of karst mountain with deep and large fissures induced by coal seam mining. Rock Mech Rock Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-02910-y
Yin Y, Sun P, Zhang M et al (2011) Mechanism on apparent dip sliding of oblique inclined bedding rockslide at Jiweishan, Chongqing. China Landslides 8(1):49–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-010-0237-5
Yuan L (2016) Strategic thinking of simultaneous exploitation of coal and gas in deep mining. J Chin Coal Soc 41(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2015.9027. (in Chinese)
Zhao J, Ma Y, Lin B et al (2016) Geomechanical mode of mining landslides with gently counter-inclined bedding ─ a case study of Madaling landslide in Guizhou Province. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 35(11):2217–2224. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2016.0106. (in Chinese)
Zhu C, He M, Karakus M et al (2020) Investigating toppling failure mechanism of anti-dip layered slope due to excavation by physical modelling. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53(11):5029–5050. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02207-y
Zhu Y, Xu S et al (2019) Characteristics and runout behaviour of the disastrous 28 August 2017 rock avalanche in Nayong, Guizhou. Chin Eng Geol 259
Funding
This study is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.42067046) and the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guizhou Province, China (Grant No.QKHJC-ZK[2021]YB228).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, S., Shi, W., Yang, C. et al. Experimental evaluation of gentle anti-dip slope deformation and fracture network under the action of underground mining. Landslides 20, 381–408 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01976-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01976-7